Uneven and exclusionary urban intensification and regeneration - Revision history

Panagiota Kotsila: /* Illustration */

2020-09-01T11:59:20Z

Illustration

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	Lisbon, one of the cities under study, is currently facing “a massive set of transformation” in terms of investment, development, tourism and gentrification. It was recently labelled “The new capital of gentrification and evictions” (Ara.cat 2019), as large parts of the city centre have been converted into housing and venues for tourists. The Marvila old docks neighbourhood is one of the areas facing the strongest gentrification impulse, undergoing a ‘boom’ phase of development due to economic, real estate and cultural expansion that are transforming it into a new pole of the creative economy, centred around star architect Renzo Piano’s “Prata Riverside Village” on the old weapons factory site. The territory is geographically divided by two train lines and while the riverside area receives major investments, the upper side, which consists of fragmented social housing blocks amidst vast empty voids, where the city’s biggest slum, “the Chinese Neighbourhood” once stood, seems a world away from the river.		Lisbon, one of the cities under study, is currently facing “a massive set of transformation” in terms of investment, development, tourism and gentrification. It was recently labelled “The new capital of gentrification and evictions” (Ara.cat 2019), as large parts of the city centre have been converted into housing and venues for tourists. The Marvila old docks neighbourhood is one of the areas facing the strongest gentrification impulse, undergoing a ‘boom’ phase of development due to economic, real estate and cultural expansion that are transforming it into a new pole of the creative economy, centred around star architect Renzo Piano’s “Prata Riverside Village” on the old weapons factory site. The territory is geographically divided by two train lines and while the riverside area receives major investments, the upper side, which consists of fragmented social housing blocks amidst vast empty voids, where the city’s biggest slum, “the Chinese Neighbourhood” once stood, seems a world away from the river.
	The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, [http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/]) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.		The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, [http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/]) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.

	[Source: ROCK project [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]], (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)		[Source: ROCK project [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]], (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)


	[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]		[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]

Panagiota Kotsila at 11:58, 1 September 2020

2020-09-01T11:58:56Z

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	This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/], NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/], [[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]], URBLIV [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99327/en], SMARTENCITY [https://smartencity.eu/], [[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]], AGAPE [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/625691], [[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]], [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]].		This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/], NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/], [[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]], URBLIV [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99327/en], SMARTENCITY [https://smartencity.eu/], [[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]], AGAPE [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/625691], [[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]], [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]].


			==References==


	[[Category:Drivers]]		[[Category:Drivers]]

Panagiota Kotsila: /* Links to projects */

2020-09-01T11:57:53Z

Links to projects

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	==Links to projects==		==Links to projects==

	This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/], NATURVATION [], ~~EDICITNET~~ [[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]], URBLIV [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99327/en], SMARTENCITY [https://smartencity.eu/], ~~TRANSIT~~ [[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]], AGAPE [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/625691], ~~SMARTEES~~ [[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]], ~~ROCK~~ [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]].		This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/], NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/], [[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]], URBLIV [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99327/en], SMARTENCITY [https://smartencity.eu/], [[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]], AGAPE [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/625691], [[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]], [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]].



	[[Category:Drivers]]		[[Category:Drivers]]

Panagiota Kotsila: /* Links to projects */

2020-09-01T11:57:01Z

Links to projects

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	==Links to projects==		==Links to projects==

	This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS, NATURVATION, EDICITNET, URBLIV SMARTENCITY, TRANSIT, AGAPE, SMARTEES, ROCK.		This driver links to the following research projects: CROWD_USG, GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/], NATURVATION [], EDICITNET [[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]], URBLIV [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/99327/en], SMARTENCITY [https://smartencity.eu/], TRANSIT [[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]], AGAPE [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/625691], SMARTEES [[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]], ROCK [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]].



	[[Category:Drivers]]		[[Category:Drivers]]

Panagiota Kotsila: /* Manifestations and types of injustice */

2020-09-01T11:52:29Z

Manifestations and types of injustice

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	Moreover, and as emphasized also under the driver “”[[Limited citizen participation in urban planning]]””, participation itself might entail or lead to exclusion. A regeneration project in Strasbourg city center, for example, involved citizens in creating the parks through participatory engagement tools and aimed for inclusion, but resulted in quite the opposite: those who joined were not representative of the population, but more privileged residents that were able to put time and energy into the participation process. The creation of the square apparently led to gentrification trends in the neighborhood [UrbanA Arena insight].		Moreover, and as emphasized also under the driver “”[[Limited citizen participation in urban planning]]””, participation itself might entail or lead to exclusion. A regeneration project in Strasbourg city center, for example, involved citizens in creating the parks through participatory engagement tools and aimed for inclusion, but resulted in quite the opposite: those who joined were not representative of the population, but more privileged residents that were able to put time and energy into the participation process. The creation of the square apparently led to gentrification trends in the neighborhood [UrbanA Arena insight].


	{{#ev:youtube\|eMQ4WbxEyxk}}		{{#ev:youtube\|eMQ4WbxEyxk}}


	==Illustration==		==Illustration==

Panagiota Kotsila at 11:47, 1 September 2020

2020-09-01T11:47:46Z

Panagiota Kotsila: /* Illustration */

2020-09-01T11:38:09Z

Illustration

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	The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, see: http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.		The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, see: http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.

	[Source: ROCK project ""[[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]]"", (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)		[Source: ROCK project [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]], (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)


	[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]		[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]


	==Links to projects==		==Links to projects==

Panagiota Kotsila at 11:24, 1 September 2020

2020-09-01T11:24:12Z

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	The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, see: http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.		The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, see: http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.

	Source: ROCK project, ~~Lisbon~~ (Martins et al., 2018)		[Source: ROCK project ""[[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]]"", (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)

	~~[Source: NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/] and GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/] projects; including personal communication.]~~

	[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]		[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]

Panagiota Kotsila at 11:21, 1 September 2020

2020-09-01T11:21:54Z

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	[Source: NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/] and GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/] projects; including personal communication.]		[Source: NATURVATION [https://naturvation.eu/] and GREENLULUS [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/] projects; including personal communication.]

	[[File:		[[File:Lisbon.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Photo by Ana Naomi de Sousa/The Guardian: Abel Fonseca factory, in Marvila, Lisbon, was transformed into a co-working space and bar. It is across the street from Santos Lima, an apartment block that received media attention after it was sold to developers without informing the residents who had occupied the building for decades.]]

Panagiota Kotsila at 11:20, 1 September 2020

2020-09-01T11:20:06Z

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	[[File:		[[File:

	~~==Ways forward==~~

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	==General introduction==		==General introduction==

	Increased intensification, including through the re-development/re-generation of existing urban spaces, can drive injustice when land, housing, and open or green space compete with one another and get reconfigured in ways that have negative impacts on vulnerable residents (Anguelovski et al., 2018; Checker, 2011; Goodling, 2017; K. A. Gould & Lewis, 2016; Knuth, 2016; Shokry et al., 2020). This has been observed in a variety of urban sustainability interventions, like eco-districts, transit-oriented development, green building, greenways, or other ‘resilient’ infrastructure. These processes do not stand alone as drivers of injustice, but are linked to income inequalities, neoliberal development and growth, and the limitations of existing forms of civil participation.		Increased intensification, including through the re-development/re-generation of existing urban spaces, can drive injustice when land, housing, and open or green space compete with one another and get reconfigured in ways that have negative impacts on vulnerable residents (Anguelovski et al., 2018<ref>Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J., & Brand, A. L. (2018). From landscapes of utopia to the margins of the green urban life. City, 22(3), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1473126</ref>; Checker, 2011<ref>Checker, M. (2011). Wiped out by the “greenwave”: Environmental gentrification and the paradoxical politics of urban sustainability. City & Society, 23(2), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-744X.2011.01063.x</ref>; Goodling, 2017<ref>Goodling, E. K. (2017). Grassroots resistance in the sustainable city: Portland Harbor superfund site contamination, cleanup, and collective action. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5505</ref>; K. A. Gould & Lewis, 2016<ref>Gould, K. A., & Lewis, T. L. (2016). Green Gentrification. Routledge.</ref>; Knuth, 2016<ref>Knuth, S. (2016). Seeing green in San Francisco: City as resource frontier. Antipode, 48(3), 626–644.</ref>; Shokry et al., 2020<ref>Shokry, G., Connolly, J. J., & Anguelovski, I. (2020). Understanding climate gentrification and shifting landscapes of protection and vulnerability in green resilient Philadelphia. Urban Climate, 31, 100539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100539</ref>). This has been observed in a variety of urban sustainability interventions, like eco-districts, transit-oriented development, green building, greenways, or other ‘resilient’ infrastructure. These processes do not stand alone as drivers of injustice, but are linked to income inequalities, neoliberal development and growth, and the limitations of existing forms of civil participation.

	[[File:4-Uneven-And-Excluding-Urban-Intensification-And-Regeneration-OK.jpg\|600px]]		[[File:4-Uneven-And-Excluding-Urban-Intensification-And-Regeneration-OK.jpg\|600px]]
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	*<b>Urban densification and expansion</b>		*<b>Urban densification and expansion</b>

	Pressures from urban intensification and expansion are entangled with housing inequality and real estate speculation, as land becomes more valuable and neighbourhoods gentrify. Denser urban centres for business and entertainment can shrink the availability of public space for residents, often in a deeply unequal way (distributional justice) (Anguelovski, 2013a; Certomà & Martellozzo, 2019; Säumel et al., 2019). In the US, while urban densification has been associated with reducing sprawl and smart growth approaches, it is also often linked to the gentrification of previously ‘undesirable’ areas, as is the case of East Austin, Texas, where densification is pushing Black and Latino residents out (Garcia-Lamarca et al., 2019).		Pressures from urban intensification and expansion are entangled with housing inequality and real estate speculation, as land becomes more valuable and neighbourhoods gentrify. Denser urban centres for business and entertainment can shrink the availability of public space for residents, often in a deeply unequal way (distributional justice) (Anguelovski, 2013<ref>Anguelovski, I. (2013a). Beyond a llivable and green neighborhood: Asserting control, sovereignty and transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 1012–1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12054</ref>; Certomà & Martellozzo, 2019<ref>Certomà, C., & Martellozzo, F. (2019). Cultivating urban justice? A spatial exploration of urban gardening crossing spatial and environmental injustice conditions. Applied Geography, 106(3), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.03.007</ref>; Säumel et al., 2019<ref>Säumel, I., Reddy, S., & Wachtel, T. (2019). Edible City Solutions—One Step Further to Foster Social Resilience through Enhanced Socio-Cultural Ecosystem Services in Cities. Sustainability, 11(4), 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040972</ref>). In the US, while urban densification has been associated with reducing sprawl and smart growth approaches, it is also often linked to the gentrification of previously ‘undesirable’ areas, as is the case of East Austin, Texas, where densification is pushing Black and Latino residents out (Garcia-Lamarca et al., 2019)<ref>Garcia-Lamarca, M., Anguelovski, I., Cole, H., Connolly, J. J. T., Argüelles, L., Baró, F., Loveless, S., Pérez del Pulgar Frowein, C., & Shokry, G. (2019). Urban green boosterism and city affordability: For whom is the ‘branded’green city? Urban Studies, 0042098019885330.</ref>.

	Concurrently, urban densification limits the options for more sustainable or nature-based infrastructure, and this increases the environmental impact of cities (through the of use of materials, waste production, and overall pollution). Densely populated housing estates, for example, limit the possibility of making major changes to the surrounding physical environment (Ahas et al., 2019). This “space scarcity” has to be understood through the lens of inequality, as it is often the poorest residents who inhabit those overly dense neighbourhoods with crowded homes in poor physical conditions, and grey-dominated or limited public spaces. Many times, also, bottom-up green initiatives (e.g. community gardens) have to compete with real estate speculation or/and tourist-oriented developments, and thus densification goals and the associated efficiency and sustainability claims can undermine local social benefits and bottom-up sustainability initiatives (imaginary justice) (BCNUEJ Lab, 2019; SHARECITY, 2019).		Concurrently, urban densification limits the options for more sustainable or nature-based infrastructure, and this increases the environmental impact of cities (through the of use of materials, waste production, and overall pollution). Densely populated housing estates, for example, limit the possibility of making major changes to the surrounding physical environment (Ahas et al., 2019)<ref>Ahas, R., Mooses, V., Kamenjuk, P., & Tamm, R. (2019). Retrofitting Soviet-era apartment buildings with ‘smartcity’ features: The H2020 SmartEnCity Project in Tartu, Estonia. In D. Hess & T. Tammaru (Eds.), Housing Estates in the Baltic Countries: The Legacy of Central Planning in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (pp. 357–375). Springer International Publishing.</ref>. This “space scarcity” has to be understood through the lens of inequality, as it is often the poorest residents who inhabit those overly dense neighbourhoods with crowded homes in poor physical conditions, and grey-dominated or limited public spaces. Many times, also, bottom-up green initiatives (e.g. community gardens) have to compete with real estate speculation or/and tourist-oriented developments, and thus densification goals and the associated efficiency and sustainability claims can undermine local social benefits and bottom-up sustainability initiatives (imaginary justice) (BCNUEJ Lab, 2019<ref>BCNUEJ Lab. (2019, October 9). The dichotomous challenge of greening and housing access in The Liberties. BCNUEJ. http://www.bcnuej.org/2019/10/09/the-dichotomous-challenge-of-greening-and-housing-access-in-the-liberties-dublin/</ref>; SHARECITY, 2019<ref>SHARECITY. (2019). Q&A with Anna Davies, Project Lead for the SHARECITY Project.</ref>).

	*<b>Urban regeneration and revitalisation</b>		*<b>Urban regeneration and revitalisation</b>

	Neighbourhood revitalisation/regeneration is often exclusionary, especially in historic urban centres, when it takes place without taking into account the vulnerability of long-term residents in a context of free-market rentals and real estate. Although urban revitalisation is often articulated around sustainability and justice objectives, through the creation of denser, more efficient cities and “trickle-down effects” of benefits (Anguelovski, ~~2013b~~; URBAN GreenUP, 2017b), it can drive inequality when interventions are centrally planned character, ignoring the needs and demands of long-term residents (procedural injustice) (Annunziata & Rivas-Alonso, 2020).		Neighbourhood revitalisation/regeneration is often exclusionary, especially in historic urban centres, when it takes place without taking into account the vulnerability of long-term residents in a context of free-market rentals and real estate. Although urban revitalisation is often articulated around sustainability and justice objectives, through the creation of denser, more efficient cities and “trickle-down effects” of benefits (Anguelovski, 2013<ref>Anguelovski, I. (2013). From environmental trauma to safe haven: Place attachment and place remaking in three marginalized neighborhoods of Barcelona, Boston, and Havana. City & Community, 12(3), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12026</ref>; URBAN GreenUP, 2017b<ref>URBAN GreenUP. (2017b). D4.1 Report on the diagnosis of Izmir, Working Paper. Working Paper 4.</ref>), it can drive inequality when interventions are centrally planned character, ignoring the needs and demands of long-term residents (procedural injustice) (Annunziata & Rivas-Alonso, 2020).

	Leipzig, for example used to be a city with shrinking population, due to housing vacancy. This turned around and Leipzig became an investment spot (“hype-zig”), with increased demand and rising prices in the housing market. A previously open vegetated space in Leipzig’s Connewitz neighbourhood, Leopoldpark is now turned into a privatized and manicured green space with more than 100 luxury flats surrounding it, framing the project as an opportunity for high investment. This marks the financialisation of urban nature as an asset in real estate through urban regeneration [UrbanA Arena insights].		Leipzig, for example used to be a city with shrinking population, due to housing vacancy. This turned around and Leipzig became an investment spot (“hype-zig”), with increased demand and rising prices in the housing market. A previously open vegetated space in Leipzig’s Connewitz neighbourhood, Leopoldpark is now turned into a privatized and manicured green space with more than 100 luxury flats surrounding it, framing the project as an opportunity for high investment. This marks the financialisation of urban nature as an asset in real estate through urban regeneration [UrbanA Arena insights].

	Participation in regeneration and sustainability projects can be a challenge, and the effect of regeneration may be that certain neighbourhoods are radically altered toward a new vision and attractiveness defined by and for non-residents (Caiati et al., 2019). While participation processes might be able to prevent or alleviate exclusion and gentrification, through the active consideration of demands for affordable housing and protection of local business, more participatory processes might not be protective against market forces that generate injustices.		Participation in regeneration and sustainability projects can be a challenge, and the effect of regeneration may be that certain neighbourhoods are radically altered toward a new vision and attractiveness defined by and for non-residents (Caiati et al., 2019<ref>Caiati, G., Marta, F. L., & Quinti, G. M. (2019). D3.1 Report about profiles of social innovation “in action” for each cluster. SMARTEES.</ref>). While participation processes might be able to prevent or alleviate exclusion and gentrification, through the active consideration of demands for affordable housing and protection of local business, more participatory processes might not be protective against market forces that generate injustices.

	Moreover, and as emphasized also under the driver “”[[Limited citizen participation in urban planning]]””, participation itself might entail or lead to exclusion. A regeneration project in Strasbourg city center, for example, involved citizens in creating the parks through participatory engagement tools and aimed for inclusion, but resulted in quite the opposite: those who joined were not representative of the population, but more privileged residents that were able to put time and energy into the participation process. The creation of the square apparently led to gentrification trends in the neighborhood [UrbanA Arena insight].		Moreover, and as emphasized also under the driver “”[[Limited citizen participation in urban planning]]””, participation itself might entail or lead to exclusion. A regeneration project in Strasbourg city center, for example, involved citizens in creating the parks through participatory engagement tools and aimed for inclusion, but resulted in quite the opposite: those who joined were not representative of the population, but more privileged residents that were able to put time and energy into the participation process. The creation of the square apparently led to gentrification trends in the neighborhood [UrbanA Arena insight].
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	Lisbon, one of the cities under study, is currently facing “a massive set of transformation” in terms of investment, development, tourism and gentrification. It was recently labelled “The new capital of gentrification and evictions” (Ara.cat 2019), as large parts of the city centre have been converted into housing and venues for tourists. The Marvila old docks neighbourhood is one of the areas facing the strongest gentrification impulse, undergoing a ‘boom’ phase of development due to economic, real estate and cultural expansion that are transforming it into a new pole of the creative economy, centred around star architect Renzo Piano’s “Prata Riverside Village” on the old weapons factory site. The territory is geographically divided by two train lines and while the riverside area receives major investments, the upper side, which consists of fragmented social housing blocks amidst vast empty voids, where the city’s biggest slum, “the Chinese Neighbourhood” once stood, seems a world away from the river.		Lisbon, one of the cities under study, is currently facing “a massive set of transformation” in terms of investment, development, tourism and gentrification. It was recently labelled “The new capital of gentrification and evictions” (Ara.cat 2019), as large parts of the city centre have been converted into housing and venues for tourists. The Marvila old docks neighbourhood is one of the areas facing the strongest gentrification impulse, undergoing a ‘boom’ phase of development due to economic, real estate and cultural expansion that are transforming it into a new pole of the creative economy, centred around star architect Renzo Piano’s “Prata Riverside Village” on the old weapons factory site. The territory is geographically divided by two train lines and while the riverside area receives major investments, the upper side, which consists of fragmented social housing blocks amidst vast empty voids, where the city’s biggest slum, “the Chinese Neighbourhood” once stood, seems a world away from the river.
	The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, ~~see:~~ http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.		The creation of the council’s BIP/ZIP programme (starting in 2010, [http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/]) and a public library in the upper side of Marvila (2016) have allowed new citizen movements to organise. With the support of ROCK and similar partners, in December 2018 these movements proposed a plan to “Transform Marvila with gardens and bikeways”, that was accepted by the council.

	[Source: ROCK project [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]], (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)		[Source: ROCK project [[ROCK (Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities)]], (Martins et al., 2018<ref>Martins, J. C., Mourato, J., Sciences, I. of S., & Lisbon, U. of. (2018). Marvila /Beato RESEARCH REPORT, ROCK project. https://lisboa.rockproject.eu/relatorios-ics-2-diagnostico-marvila-beato/</ref>)