Sustainable food supply chains - Revision history

Karlijn Schipper at 13:45, 20 January 2020

2020-01-20T13:45:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 20 January 2020
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	==Transformative potential==		==Transformative potential==

	The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power relations between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the approaches risk reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. This could happen, for example, if the prices of local food remained high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets were found in affluent neighbourhoods only. There may be an inequity of information too, in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.		The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power relations between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the approaches risk reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. This could happen, for example, if the prices of local food remained high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets were found in affluent neighbourhoods only. There may be an inequity of information too, in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.

			Participants of arena#1 identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (consideration of both urban agriculture and local food production in urban hinterlands could mitigate this, degraded soil in urban areas and how to "revive" it so that it's suitable for agriculture, tricky transportation logistics for new small-scale distribution systems, exclusive tendencies within sustainable food systems given the current price and access differentials, and the need to mobilize agri-knowledge from immigrants in sustainable food systems.

	==Illustration of approach==		==Illustration of approach==
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	Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).		Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).

	~~==Concerns with the approach==~~

	Participants of arena#1 identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (consideration of both urban agriculture and local food production in urban hinterlands could mitigate this, degraded soil in urban areas and how to "revive" it so that it's suitable for agriculture, tricky transportation logistics for new small-scale distribution systems, exclusive tendencies within sustainable food systems given the current price and access differentials, and the need to mobilize agri-knowledge from immigrants in sustainable food systems.

	==References==		==References==

Philipp Spaeth: transferred the feedback from Rotterdam, that Sophia had put in a dedicated secion into the flow of the description.

2019-12-16T10:51:41Z

transferred the feedback from Rotterdam, that Sophia had put in a dedicated secion into the flow of the description.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:51, 16 December 2019
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	Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. The FOODMETERES case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.		Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. The FOODMETERES case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.

			Participants of the arena#1 event in Rotterdam identified the following important aspects and opportunities associated with sustainable food supply chains: increased connection of consumers to their food and the conditions required to seasonally produce it, increased transparency in production, the topic can highlight fragile food supply chains including urban food deserts and socio-economic determinants of unhealthy diets, it makes the carbon footprint of conventional food chains more visible, and it counters trends of food commodification and detachment

	==Shapes, sizes and applications==		==Shapes, sizes and applications==

			There are three different ways in which the topic of sustainable food supply chains can be used to create sustainable and just cities: physical implementation of initiatives, research work, and policy processes. Some examples of implementation include Barcelona's [https://www.apocapocbcn.com/en/about/ Nest City Lab] which has an urban permaculture food forest and aeroponic farm, [https://slowfoodyouthnetwork.nl/category/rotterdam// Rotterdam's slow food movement] which promotes local food production and consumption, Paris' [http://www.amap-aquitaine.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D29/ AMAP] direct sales program, and companies such as [https://teikeicoffee.org/die-idee/ Teikei Coffee] whose ethically and sustainably produced beans are shipped to Europe via Sailboat! Examples of research analyses of the topic could include: analyzing the space that food supply chains take and how this impacts urban planning, and identifying land areas for urban agriculture - an approach used in the [https://connectingnature.eu// Connecting Nature] project. Finally, examples of policy processes around the topic include: the AMAP's collaboration in research across regional agencies, educational institutions, and farm organizations, and Rotterdam's [https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/port-authority/about-the-port-authority/the-port-authority-in-society/rotterdam-port-vision/ Port vision 2030] which incorporates SDGs in its future policies.


	'''Food-Chain Analysis with a focus on SMEs''', e.g. in the FOODMETRES project (2012-2015): <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105259/reporting/en </ref> Studies and offers a set of tools (various assessments, innovation storyline, and knowledge brokerage tools) to help diversify agriculture and shorten food supply chains in urban areas. Tools are targeted at bottom-up and top-down (e.g. European data driven) processes of change to bridge international and local dimensions. SMEs are specifically targeted in the analysis, since they are active in metropolitan food chains.		'''Food-Chain Analysis with a focus on SMEs''', e.g. in the FOODMETRES project (2012-2015): <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105259/reporting/en </ref> Studies and offers a set of tools (various assessments, innovation storyline, and knowledge brokerage tools) to help diversify agriculture and shorten food supply chains in urban areas. Tools are targeted at bottom-up and top-down (e.g. European data driven) processes of change to bridge international and local dimensions. SMEs are specifically targeted in the analysis, since they are active in metropolitan food chains.
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	Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).		Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).

	==~~Contributions from Arena One Participants~~==		==Concerns with the approach==

	~~'''Examples of application'''~~

	There are three different ways in which the topic of sustainable food supply chains can be used to create sustainable and just cities: physical implementation of initiatives, research work, and policy processes. Some examples of implementation include Barcelona's [https://www.apocapocbcn.com/en/about/ Nest City Lab] which has an urban permaculture food forest and aeroponic farm, [https://slowfoodyouthnetwork.nl/category/rotterdam// Rotterdam's slow food movement] which promotes local food production and consumption, Paris' [http://www.amap-aquitaine.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D29/ AMAP] direct sales program, and companies such as [https://teikeicoffee.org/die-idee/ Teikei Coffee] whose ethically and sustainably produced beans are shipped to Europe via Sailboat! Examples of research analyses of the topic could include: analyzing the space that food supply chains take and how this impacts urban planning, and identifying land areas for urban agriculture - an approach used in the [https://connectingnature.eu// Connecting Nature] project. Finally, examples of policy processes around the topic include: the AMAP's collaboration in research across regional agencies, educational institutions, and farm organizations, and Rotterdam's [https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/port-authority/about-the-port-authority/the-port-authority-in-society/rotterdam-port-vision/ Port vision 2030] which incorporates SDGs in its future policies.

	~~'''Important elements and opportunities'''~~

	Participants identified the following important aspects and opportunities associated with sustainable food supply chains: increased connection of consumers to their food and the conditions required to seasonally produce it, increased transparency in production, the topic can highlight fragile food supply chains including urban food deserts and socio-economic determinants of unhealthy diets, it makes the carbon footprint of conventional food chains more visible, and it counters trends of food commodification and detachment

	~~'''Concerning elements and challenges'''~~

	Participants identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (consideration of both urban agriculture and local food production in urban hinterlands could mitigate this, degraded soil in urban areas and how to "revive" it so that it's suitable for agriculture, tricky transportation logistics for new small-scale distribution systems, exclusive tendencies within sustainable food systems given the current price and access differentials, and the need to mobilize agri-knowledge from immigrants in sustainable food systems.		Participants of arena#1 identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (consideration of both urban agriculture and local food production in urban hinterlands could mitigate this, degraded soil in urban areas and how to "revive" it so that it's suitable for agriculture, tricky transportation logistics for new small-scale distribution systems, exclusive tendencies within sustainable food systems given the current price and access differentials, and the need to mobilize agri-knowledge from immigrants in sustainable food systems.

	==References==		==References==

Sophia Silverton: /* Contributions from Arena One Participants */

2019-12-03T14:22:21Z

Contributions from Arena One Participants

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 3 December 2019
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	'''Concerning elements and challenges'''		'''Concerning elements and challenges'''

	Participants identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (		Participants identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (consideration of both urban agriculture and local food production in urban hinterlands could mitigate this, degraded soil in urban areas and how to "revive" it so that it's suitable for agriculture, tricky transportation logistics for new small-scale distribution systems, exclusive tendencies within sustainable food systems given the current price and access differentials, and the need to mobilize agri-knowledge from immigrants in sustainable food systems.

	==References==		==References==

Sophia Silverton at 14:09, 3 December 2019

2019-12-03T14:09:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 3 December 2019
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	Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).		Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).

			==Contributions from Arena One Participants==

			'''Examples of application'''

			There are three different ways in which the topic of sustainable food supply chains can be used to create sustainable and just cities: physical implementation of initiatives, research work, and policy processes. Some examples of implementation include Barcelona's [https://www.apocapocbcn.com/en/about/ Nest City Lab] which has an urban permaculture food forest and aeroponic farm, [https://slowfoodyouthnetwork.nl/category/rotterdam// Rotterdam's slow food movement] which promotes local food production and consumption, Paris' [http://www.amap-aquitaine.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D29/ AMAP] direct sales program, and companies such as [https://teikeicoffee.org/die-idee/ Teikei Coffee] whose ethically and sustainably produced beans are shipped to Europe via Sailboat! Examples of research analyses of the topic could include: analyzing the space that food supply chains take and how this impacts urban planning, and identifying land areas for urban agriculture - an approach used in the [https://connectingnature.eu// Connecting Nature] project. Finally, examples of policy processes around the topic include: the AMAP's collaboration in research across regional agencies, educational institutions, and farm organizations, and Rotterdam's [https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/port-authority/about-the-port-authority/the-port-authority-in-society/rotterdam-port-vision/ Port vision 2030] which incorporates SDGs in its future policies.

			'''Important elements and opportunities'''

			Participants identified the following important aspects and opportunities associated with sustainable food supply chains: increased connection of consumers to their food and the conditions required to seasonally produce it, increased transparency in production, the topic can highlight fragile food supply chains including urban food deserts and socio-economic determinants of unhealthy diets, it makes the carbon footprint of conventional food chains more visible, and it counters trends of food commodification and detachment

			'''Concerning elements and challenges'''

			Participants identified the following concerning aspects and challenges associated with sustainable food supply chains:challenges for upscaling sustainable food supply chains into a feasible solution for more people in more cities (

	==References==		==References==

Lin at 07:18, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T07:18:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 21 November 2019
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	[[Category: Approaches]]		[[Category: Approaches]]
	[[Category:~~Ecovillages~~]]		[[Category: Sustainable food supply chains]]
	[[Category: Social food movements]]		[[Category: Social food movements]]
	[[Category: Community gardens and food]]		[[Category: Community gardens and food]]
	[[Category: ~~sharing~~ and ~~cooperatives for urban commons~~]]		[[Category: (Impact) evaluation and assessment framework]]
	[[Category:~~(Impact) evaluation and assessment framework~~]]		[[Category: FOODLINKS]]
	[[Category:~~Multi-stakeholder partnerships - policy~~]]		[[Category: FOODMETRES]]
	[[Category:~~Learning and knowledge brokerage~~]]		[[Category: SUPURBFOOD]]

Philipp Spaeth at 15:24, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T15:24:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:24, 19 November 2019
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	==General introduction to approach==		==General introduction to approach==

	Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. The ~~FOODMETERS~~ case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.		Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. The FOODMETERES case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.

	==Shapes, sizes and applications==		==Shapes, sizes and applications==
Line 33:		Line 33:
	==Transformative potential==		==Transformative potential==

	The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power relations between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the approaches risk reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. ~~THis~~ could happen, for example, if the prices of local food remained high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets were found in affluent neighbourhoods only. There may be an inequity of information too, in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.		The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power relations between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the approaches risk reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. This could happen, for example, if the prices of local food remained high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets were found in affluent neighbourhoods only. There may be an inequity of information too, in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.

	==Illustration of approach==		==Illustration of approach==

Philipp Spaeth at 15:22, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T15:22:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 19 November 2019
Line 5:		Line 5:
	==General introduction to approach==		==General introduction to approach==

	Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. ~~THe~~ FOODMETERS case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.		Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. The FOODMETERS case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.

	==Shapes, sizes and applications==		==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Philipp Spaeth at 15:21, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T15:21:44Z

Sophia Silverton: /* Illustration of approach */

2019-10-30T16:09:35Z

Illustration of approach

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:09, 30 October 2019
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	An example of SFSC in practice (From FOODLINKS project) is '''direct food sales Brin d’Herbe in Rennes''', France. As described by the project, “Brin d’Herbe is a group of 20 farmers near Rennes, France, who have been selling farmhouse and organic products in two stores on the outskirts of Rennes for twenty years. The main products are meat (60 percent of the turnover), fruit & vegetables, bakery and dairy products, cheeses, eggs, honey, and cider. They have about 1000 consumers per week. The shop opens three days a week. The turnover is 1.5 million Euros per year. <ref> http://www.foodlinkscommunity.net/foodlinks-good-examples/short-food-supply-chains/foodlinks-grass-blade.html</ref> To run the shop, farmers are organized in a specific form of association that allows them to maintain their identity and operational autonomy vis a vis consumers, and at the same time to define a common space of coordination. This aspect is also a regulatory requirement, as in this way the shop can be classified as a „direct selling“ activity. The legal status of the organisation is a "GIE = Groupement d'Interet Economique" (economic interest group). In addition, Brin d'Herbe runs a cooperation with limited liability, which enables them to carry out retail activities.” Additionally, funding for the initiative was claimed to be from a “favourable tax regime”.		An example of SFSC in practice (From FOODLINKS project) is '''direct food sales Brin d’Herbe in Rennes''', France. As described by the project, “Brin d’Herbe is a group of 20 farmers near Rennes, France, who have been selling farmhouse and organic products in two stores on the outskirts of Rennes for twenty years. The main products are meat (60 percent of the turnover), fruit & vegetables, bakery and dairy products, cheeses, eggs, honey, and cider. They have about 1000 consumers per week. The shop opens three days a week. The turnover is 1.5 million Euros per year. <ref> http://www.foodlinkscommunity.net/foodlinks-good-examples/short-food-supply-chains/foodlinks-grass-blade.html</ref> To run the shop, farmers are organized in a specific form of association that allows them to maintain their identity and operational autonomy vis a vis consumers, and at the same time to define a common space of coordination. This aspect is also a regulatory requirement, as in this way the shop can be classified as a „direct selling“ activity. The legal status of the organisation is a "GIE = Groupement d'Interet Economique" (economic interest group). In addition, Brin d'Herbe runs a cooperation with limited liability, which enables them to carry out retail activities.” Additionally, funding for the initiative was claimed to be from a “favourable tax regime”.

	Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulses and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573~~/1491301724605~~/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).		Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulses and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).

	==References==		==References==

Sophia Silverton at 16:03, 30 October 2019

2019-10-30T16:03:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:03, 30 October 2019
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			Socio-environmental research and policy-making regarding sustainable food supply food chains is essential in the creation of sustainable and just cities.

	This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions.		This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 19 November 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Socio-environmental research and policy-making regarding sustainable food supply ~~food~~ chains is essential in the creation of sustainable and just cities.		Socio-environmental research and policy-making regarding sustainable food supply chains is essential in the creation of sustainable and just cities.

	This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions.		This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions.
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	==General introduction to approach==		==General introduction to approach==

	Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. ~~E.g. from~~ FOODMETERS case study of Milan region:		Research and policy on sustainable food supply chains can focus on the environmental benefits of short food supply chains (SFSCs), the central role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating sustainable urban food supply chains, and the various policy levels at which this topic needs to be addressed (bottom-up and top down). The particular approaches discussed in this overview aim to develop research based policy recommendations, with emphasis on knowledge brokerage and assessment tools. Relevant actors involved include SMEs, researchers, civil society and policymakers. THe FOODMETERS case study of the Milan region e.g. contained a food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing opportunities regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan. Workshops were conducted for exchange and best practices. The region has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.

	A food-chain analysis and knowledge sharing ~~opportunity~~ regarding milk, rice, fruit and vegetable supply chains around Milan ~~via workshops~~ for exchange and best practices. It has an agricultural park and is located in a fertile area and therefore direct farm-customer sales are prominent. The food chain analysis looked at the strengths and weaknesses of the food system, the relationship between agriculture and urban development pressure, the impact of the agricultural park on food supply, and identified new growth strategies for the system.

	==Shapes, sizes and applications==		==Shapes, sizes and applications==

	'''Food-Chain Analysis with a focus on SMEs''', FOODMETRES project (2012-2015): <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105259/reporting/en </ref> Studies and offers a set of tools (various assessments, innovation storyline, and knowledge brokerage tools) to help ~~increase,~~ diversify agriculture and shorten food supply chains in urban areas. Tools are targeted at bottom-up and top-down (e.g. European data driven) processes of change to bridge international and local dimensions. SMEs are specifically targeted in the analysis, since they are active in metropolitan food chains.		'''Food-Chain Analysis with a focus on SMEs''', e.g. in the FOODMETRES project (2012-2015): <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105259/reporting/en </ref> Studies and offers a set of tools (various assessments, innovation storyline, and knowledge brokerage tools) to help diversify agriculture and shorten food supply chains in urban areas. Tools are targeted at bottom-up and top-down (e.g. European data driven) processes of change to bridge international and local dimensions. SMEs are specifically targeted in the analysis, since they are active in metropolitan food chains.

	'''Short food supply chains''', ~~both from~~ FOODLINKS project (2011-2013):<ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/97103/reporting/en </ref> ~~The approach can be described as the aspiration towards creating~~ SFSCs between urban areas and food producers due to their social and environmental benefits. „Short” refers to both physical and social distance. Social distance refers to the opportunity for the producer and the consumer to interact and share information. There are no or very few intermediaries in SFSCs. Physical distance covers the distance a product has travelled between points of production and sale. Short food supply chains and ~~sustainable~~ food provision ~~is roughly an equivalent approach~~, ~~which focuses on the benefits~~ of ~~SFSCs, however it has~~ a ~~stronger~~ focus on ~~their~~ environmental benefits than ~~the first approach. Both have a multi-stakeholder focus~~.		'''Short food supply chains''', e.g. in the FOODLINKS project (2011-2013):<ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/97103/reporting/en </ref> Aims to create SFSCs between urban areas and food producers due to their social and environmental benefits. „Short” refers to both physical and social distance. Social distance refers to the opportunity for the producer and the consumer to interact and share information. There are no or very few intermediaries in SFSCs. Physical distance covers the distance a product has travelled between points of production and sale. While the approaches Short food supply chains and Sustainable food provision have much in common, e.g. a multi-stakeholder focus, SFSCs have less of a focus on environmental benefits than Sustainable food provision.

	'''Urban Food Strategy''', SUPURBFOOD project (2012-2015)<ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105008/reporting/en </ref>: Along with housing, food remains one of the most important commodities to ensure social security. An Urban Food Strategy (UFS) connects different ~~range of~~ stakeholders (civil society, local producers, policy-makers etc.) to engage in the several stages of the food system and provides fair food access to consumers as well as fair compensation to local producers.		'''Urban Food Strategy''', e.g. in the SUPURBFOOD project (2012-2015)<ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/105008/reporting/en </ref>: Along with housing, food remains one of the most important commodities to ensure social security. An Urban Food Strategy (UFS) connects different stakeholders (civil society, local producers, policy-makers etc.) to engage in the several stages of the food system and provides fair food access to consumers as well as fair compensation to local producers.

	It is difficult to ascertain the development stage and level of maturity of these approaches. Concern over urban food supply chains is not new, however, until the late 90s, food systems hadn’t been considered in urban policies (Pothukuchi and Kaufman, 1999)<ref> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007558805953 </ref>. According to literature, the topics of cities and food appear to have been connected around the 2000s, but until 2017 there remained a lack of food systems approach in EU food policy. Although the supposed benefits of applying SFSCs and food chain analysis is known, the overall success of the approach application is unclear. One can assume, based on the high prevalence of new urban food policies (in Europe and NA) since the 2000s, that the approaches have been successful. One limitation may be that the supply-focus largely ignores consumer demand and behaviour, and therefore an important determinant of the urban market for food. However, use of demand-supply models mitigates this. Regarding transferability, any context-specific recommendations for food supply chains will not be transferable. Each urban area has a unique food production/consumption context, especially concerning the role of SMEs and agricultural conditions. But the analysis tools and general concepts are transferable.		It is difficult to ascertain the development stage and level of maturity of these approaches. Concern over urban food supply chains is not new, however, until the late 90s, food systems hadn’t been considered in urban policies (Pothukuchi and Kaufman, 1999)<ref> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007558805953 </ref>. According to literature, the topics of cities and food appear to have been connected around the 2000s, but until 2017 there remained a lack of an (urban) food systems approach in EU food policy. Although the supposed benefits of applying SFSCs and food chain analysis is known, the overall success of the approach application is unclear. One can assume, based on the high prevalence of new urban food policies (in Europe and NA) since the 2000s, that the approaches have been successful. One limitation may be that the supply-focus largely ignores consumer demand and behaviour, and therefore an important determinant of the urban market for food. However, use of demand-supply models mitigates this. Regarding transferability, any context-specific recommendations for food supply chains will not be transferable. Each urban area has a unique food production/consumption context, especially concerning the role of SMEs and agricultural conditions. But the analysis tools and general concepts are transferable.

	==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==		==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==
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	'''Sustainability'''. Approaches are concerned highly with environmental sustainability, since SFSCs, for example, reduce distance travelled for food, mineral recycling, water use, multifunctional land use etc.		'''Sustainability'''. Approaches are concerned highly with environmental sustainability, since SFSCs, for example, reduce distance travelled for food, mineral recycling, water use, multifunctional land use etc.

	'''Justice'''. ~~There is good~~ procedural justice ~~due to the~~ multi-stakeholder, participatory method of analysing and innovating in urban food supply chains. There is a focus on social cohesion via new methods of food production (i.e. urban gardens), and food security is a focus of urban food management (this is a type of recognition justice regarding food needs of vulnerable groups). However, many of the case studies from projects were focused on good, healthy, local food provision, rather than reducing food injustices (especially distributional justice of these local/good products).		'''Justice'''. Food supply chain approaches pay attention to procedural justice in applying a multi-stakeholder, participatory method of analysing and innovating urban food supply chains. There is a focus on social cohesion, too, via new methods of food production (i.e. urban gardens), and food security is a focus of urban food management (this is a type of recognition justice regarding food needs of vulnerable groups). However, many of the case studies from projects were focused on good, healthy, local food provision, rather than reducing food injustices (especially distributional justice of these local/good products).

	'''Linking sustainability and justice'''. The approaches ~~have a de Jure~~ link ~~between~~ environmental sustainability and justice. They make the connection between food security for urban residents and local, affordable, sustainable, food production. However, ~~as mentioned,~~ approaches ~~in this overview~~ are biased towards sustainability, and the ~~de Facto outcome~~ may not ~~actually include justice considerations~~. For example, SFSCs have the potential to address environmental and justice concerns, but it is possible that SFSC policies only address concerns over distance travelled by food, and not socioeconomic access to that food. The Urban Food Strategy, on the other hand explicitly seeks to achieve social security through food production and consumption.		'''Linking sustainability and justice'''. The approaches per se link environmental sustainability and justice. They make the connection between food security for urban residents and local, affordable, sustainable food production. However, the approaches reviewed here are mostly biased towards environmental sustainability, and the outcomes may actually not improve fairness in food access. For example, SFSCs have the potential to address environmental and justice concerns, but it is possible that SFSC policies only address concerns over distance travelled by food, and not socioeconomic access to that food. The Urban Food Strategy, on the other hand, explicitly seeks to achieve social security through food production and consumption.

	==Narrative of change==		==Narrative of change==
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	==Transformative potential==		==Transformative potential==

	The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power ~~relation~~ between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the ~~cluster risks~~ reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. ~~For~~ example, if the prices of ~~this~~ food ~~remain~~ high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets ~~remain~~ in affluent neighbourhoods. ~~Or there~~ may be an information ~~inequity~~ in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.		The realization of sustainable food supply chains has high transformative potential because it challenges power relations within global and urban food systems. It addresses the food system as a whole and problematizes the power relations between large food retailers, the globalized food trade, and citizens. It empowers local, small scale, and often organic, farmers. It also aims to address the inequity in access to good, sustainable, local food which is based on affordability and general accessibility. However, if justice considerations are sidelined and only the “local” and “ecological” aspects are considered, the approaches risk reinforcing this inequity in accessibility to good food. THis could happen, for example, if the prices of local food remained high, or if local food grocery stores/farmers markets were found in affluent neighbourhoods only. There may be an inequity of information too, in which affluent groups are more aware and connected with SFSC initiatives.

	==Illustration of approach==		==Illustration of approach==

	An example of SFSC in practice ~~(From FOODLINKS project)~~ is '''direct food sales Brin d’Herbe in Rennes''', France~~. As described by~~ the project, “Brin d’Herbe is a group of 20 farmers near Rennes, France, who have been selling farmhouse and organic products in two stores on the outskirts of Rennes for twenty years. The main products are meat (60 percent of the turnover), fruit & vegetables, bakery and dairy products, cheeses, eggs, honey, and cider. They have about 1000 ~~consumers~~ per week. The shop opens three days a week. The turnover is 1.5 million Euros per year. <ref> http://www.foodlinkscommunity.net/foodlinks-good-examples/short-food-supply-chains/foodlinks-grass-blade.html</ref> To run the shop, farmers are organized in a specific form of association that allows them to maintain their identity and operational autonomy vis a vis consumers, and at the same time to define a common space of coordination. This aspect is also a regulatory requirement, as in this way the shop can be classified as a „direct selling“ activity. The legal status of the organisation is a "GIE = Groupement d'Interet Economique" (economic interest group). In addition, Brin d'Herbe runs a cooperation with limited liability, which enables them to carry out retail activities.” Additionally, funding for the initiative was claimed to be from a “favourable tax regime”.		An example of SFSC in practice is '''direct food sales Brin d’Herbe in Rennes''', France, as presented in the FOODLINKS project: “Brin d’Herbe is a group of 20 farmers near Rennes, France, who have been selling farmhouse and organic products in two stores on the outskirts of Rennes for twenty years. The main products are meat (60 percent of the turnover), fruit & vegetables, bakery and dairy products, cheeses, eggs, honey, and cider. They have about 1000 customers per week. The shop opens three days a week. The turnover is 1.5 million Euros per year. <ref> http://www.foodlinkscommunity.net/foodlinks-good-examples/short-food-supply-chains/foodlinks-grass-blade.html</ref> To run the shop, farmers are organized in a specific form of association that allows them to maintain their identity and operational autonomy vis a vis consumers, and at the same time to define a common space of coordination. This aspect is also a regulatory requirement, as in this way the shop can be classified as a „direct selling“ activity. The legal status of the organisation is a "GIE = Groupement d'Interet Economique" (economic interest group). In addition, Brin d'Herbe runs a cooperation with limited liability, which enables them to carry out retail activities.” Additionally, funding for the initiative was claimed to benefit from a “favourable tax regime”.

	Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and ~~pulses~~ and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).		Successful cases of Urban Food Strategies in practice come from '''Bristol (UK) and Malmö (Sweden)'''. In Bristol the UFS was mainly pushed by an active civil society which led to the creation of Bristol’s Food Policy Council, which supports urban food growing networks and its people involved (see: Bristol Food Network). In Malmö, the implementation of the UFS was mainly led by Malmö municipality which set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through food procurement, by replacing meat with lentils and pulse and by aiming to only serve organic food by 2020 (see: [https://malmo.se/download/18.d8bc6b31373089f7d9800018573/Foodpolicy_Malmo.pdf/ Policy for sustainable development and food, the City of Malmö]).

	==References==		==References==