Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability - Revision history

Karlijn Schipper: /* Shapes, Sizes and Applications */

2020-01-20T09:45:53Z

Shapes, Sizes and Applications

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	* The EU-funded HiReach Project (H2020, 2017-2020) examined of experiences of transport poverty among diverse groups, including children, migrants, women, elderly people, people with reduced mobility, inhabitants of rural or deprived areas and low income and/or unemployed people. Findings revealed diverse expectations concerning mobility and transportation needs, requiring a range of different approaches to transport provision, in both technical and organisational terms.<ref> Kuttler, T., Moraglio, M., Bosetti, S., Chiffi, C., Van, P., Grandsart, D., 2019. [http://hireach-project.eu/HiReach_D2.2%20Inputs%20from%20final%20users_v2_20190524_TRT_draft.pdf ''Mobility in prioritised areas: inputs from the final-users''] (HiReach Project Deliverable No. 2.2).</ref>		* The EU-funded HiReach Project (H2020, 2017-2020) examined of experiences of transport poverty among diverse groups, including children, migrants, women, elderly people, people with reduced mobility, inhabitants of rural or deprived areas and low income and/or unemployed people. Findings revealed diverse expectations concerning mobility and transportation needs, requiring a range of different approaches to transport provision, in both technical and organisational terms.<ref> Kuttler, T., Moraglio, M., Bosetti, S., Chiffi, C., Van, P., Grandsart, D., 2019. [http://hireach-project.eu/HiReach_D2.2%20Inputs%20from%20final%20users_v2_20190524_TRT_draft.pdf ''Mobility in prioritised areas: inputs from the final-users''] (HiReach Project Deliverable No. 2.2).</ref>

	* The AGAPE Project (FP7, 2014-2016) studied the consequences of urban displacment in southern European cities following the post-2008 economic crisis. It identified a range of actions undertaken by those affected in order to challenge directly gentrification and its effects, including confronting eviction, privatization, speculation and austerity. It concluded that such [[anti-gentrification practices]] dramatically reshape understandings of urban exclusion and justice, the courses of action available to city authorities, and the consequences of these.<ref> AGAPE Project, 2016. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/reporting/en ''Final Report Summary - AGAPE (Exploring Anti-GentrificAtion PracticEs and policies in Southern European Cities)'']</ref>		* The AGAPE Project (FP7, 2014-2016) studied the consequences of urban displacment in southern European cities following the post-2008 economic crisis. It identified a range of actions undertaken by those affected in order to challenge directly gentrification and its effects, including confronting eviction, privatization, speculation and austerity. It concluded that such anti-gentrification practices dramatically reshape understandings of urban exclusion and justice, the courses of action available to city authorities, and the consequences of these.<ref> AGAPE Project, 2016. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/reporting/en ''Final Report Summary - AGAPE (Exploring Anti-GentrificAtion PracticEs and policies in Southern European Cities)'']</ref>

	==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, Sustainability, and Justice==		==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, Sustainability, and Justice==

Lin at 19:57, 21 November 2019

2019-11-21T19:57:29Z

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	[[Category: Approaches]]		[[Category: Approaches]]
			[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]
			[[Category: Ecovillages]]
			[[Category: Transition towns]]
			[[Category: ENTITLE]]
			[[Category: AGAPE]]
			[[Category: RELOCAL]]

Tom.henfrey at 19:59, 3 November 2019

2019-11-03T19:59:53Z

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	[[Category: ~~Clusters of approaches~~]]		[[Category: Approaches]]

Karlijn Schipper at 10:48, 29 October 2019

2019-10-29T10:48:50Z

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	'''Alternative conceptual framings''' are a feature of many and diverse approaches to urban sustainability and/or justice, and in particular their intersections. Arguments in their favour range from the ethical to the instrumental: the moral right of all those living in cities to contribute to shaping their future, to the practical importance of diverse outlooks, ideas and capabilities in working towards sustainability and justice.		'''Alternative conceptual framings''' are a feature of many and diverse approaches to urban sustainability and/or justice, and in particular their intersections. Arguments in their favour range from the ethical to the instrumental: the moral right of all those living in cities to contribute to shaping their future, to the practical importance of diverse outlooks, ideas and capabilities in working towards sustainability and justice.

			This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. All citations are from project websites/reports if not otherwise marked.

	== Why Reconceptualise Urban Justice and Sustainability? ==		== Why Reconceptualise Urban Justice and Sustainability? ==

Tom.henfrey: /* Transformative Potential */

2019-10-19T13:02:55Z

Transformative Potential

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	==Transformative Potential==		==Transformative Potential==
	Reconceptualisations of justice and sustainability, ~~while generally associated with~~ transformative ~~narratives, vary~~ in the extent to which their transformative potential is realised. Initiatives and networks locate themselves differently in relation to dominant institutions and ways of thinking. They also vary greatly in their degree of maturity, and their success in practice in operating in alignment with their values.		Reconceptualisations of justice and sustainability directly challenge conventional top-down and centralised approaches to urban planning. As well as offering alternative perspectives, they demand more inclusive, pluralistic and participatory approaches to urban governance. While this makes them inherently transformative - at least in theory - in practice the extent to which their transformative potential is realised varies. Initiatives and networks locate themselves differently in relation to dominant institutions and ways of thinking. They also vary greatly in their degree of maturity, and their success in practice in operating in alignment with their values.

	Squatters on Barcelona's urban periphery are an example of what has been termed 'uncivil' initiatives. They explicitly distance themselves from accepted norms and deliberately break laws they perceive to be unjust. Instead, they cultivate popular legitimacy through socially responsible action in their immediate neighbourhoods.<ref> D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F., Cattaneo, C., 2013. Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society. Journal of Civil Society 9, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2013.788935</ref>		Squatters on Barcelona's urban periphery are an example of what has been termed 'uncivil' initiatives. They explicitly distance themselves from accepted norms and deliberately break laws they perceive to be unjust. Instead, they cultivate popular legitimacy through socially responsible action in their immediate neighbourhoods.<ref> D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F., Cattaneo, C., 2013. Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society. Journal of Civil Society 9, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2013.788935</ref>

Tom.henfrey: /* Narrative of Change */ corrected ECOLISE link

2019-10-18T19:18:22Z

Narrative of Change: corrected ECOLISE link

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	The Global Ecovillage Network envisions a world of empowered citizens and communities, designing and implementing pathways to a regenerative future, while building bridges of hope and international solidarity.<ref> https://ecovillage.org/. Accessed October 18th 2019.</ref>		The Global Ecovillage Network envisions a world of empowered citizens and communities, designing and implementing pathways to a regenerative future, while building bridges of hope and international solidarity.<ref> https://ecovillage.org/. Accessed October 18th 2019.</ref>

	The [www.ecolise.eu ECOLISE] network of European community-led sustainability and climate change initiatives, whose members include GEN, Transition Network, and many national networks in the [[ecovillage]] and [[Transition movement]]s, begins its strategy with the following statement:		The [http://www.ecolise.eu ECOLISE] network of European community-led sustainability and climate change initiatives, whose members include GEN, Transition Network, and many national networks in the [[ecovillage]] and [[Transition movement]]s, begins its strategy with the following statement:

	ECOLISE sees hope in the rich seam of solutions that are being continuously developed by community-led initiatives across Europe and the world, including those that encompass inner growth, inclusive approaches to collaboration and to the governance of commons and stewardship of ecosystems. Furthermore ECOLISE is inspired and motivated by the growing interest in these life-affirming approaches. In this context ECOLISE’s purpose is to engage in, support and facilitate accelerated learning and collaboration among community-led initiatives, their networks and partners in order to catalyse systemic transformation within and across society.		ECOLISE sees hope in the rich seam of solutions that are being continuously developed by community-led initiatives across Europe and the world, including those that encompass inner growth, inclusive approaches to collaboration and to the governance of commons and stewardship of ecosystems. Furthermore ECOLISE is inspired and motivated by the growing interest in these life-affirming approaches. In this context ECOLISE’s purpose is to engage in, support and facilitate accelerated learning and collaboration among community-led initiatives, their networks and partners in order to catalyse systemic transformation within and across society.

Tom.henfrey: /* Transformative potential */ completed, integrating and expanding existing material

2019-10-18T19:17:44Z

Transformative potential: completed, integrating and expanding existing material

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	UrbanA fellow Marilyn Hamilton of [https://integralcity.com/ Integral City] emphasises the importance of an integral approach, which integrates multiple perspectives within a meta-framework recognising that all phenomena have both interior/exterior and individual/collective dimensions, and develop and evolve in each of these.<ref> Wilber, K., 2000. ''Integral Psychology''. Boston: Shambala</ref> In Marilyn's view, approaches to sustainability and justice tend to emphasise exterior dimensions of phenomena, and in particular to overlook the caring qualities prominent in inner dimensions and essential for justice. Inclusion is another important feature of an integral approach, which honours pluralism and recognises that all perspectives express some degree of relative truth and bring valid insights into complex problems. Locating different perspectives on the integral map allows each to be honoured in its own terms, and enables collaboration towards inclusive action.		UrbanA fellow Marilyn Hamilton of [https://integralcity.com/ Integral City] emphasises the importance of an integral approach, which integrates multiple perspectives within a meta-framework recognising that all phenomena have both interior/exterior and individual/collective dimensions, and develop and evolve in each of these.<ref> Wilber, K., 2000. ''Integral Psychology''. Boston: Shambala</ref> In Marilyn's view, approaches to sustainability and justice tend to emphasise exterior dimensions of phenomena, and in particular to overlook the caring qualities prominent in inner dimensions and essential for justice. Inclusion is another important feature of an integral approach, which honours pluralism and recognises that all perspectives express some degree of relative truth and bring valid insights into complex problems. Locating different perspectives on the integral map allows each to be honoured in its own terms, and enables collaboration towards inclusive action.

	==Transformative ~~potential~~==		==Transformative Potential==
	~~(Explain how~~ the ~~concepts here differ from~~ dominant~~/mainstream~~ thinking ~~about e~~.~~g. urban planning~~, and ~~also addressing some differences and points of contestation (e.g. degrowth vs. growth)~~.)		Reconceptualisations of justice and sustainability, while generally associated with transformative narratives, vary in the extent to which their transformative potential is realised. Initiatives and networks locate themselves differently in relation to dominant institutions and ways of thinking. They also vary greatly in their degree of maturity, and their success in practice in operating in alignment with their values.

	The inherently counter-hegemonic nature of these approaches tends to marginalise them in relation to established institutions and dominant modes of thought and action, with mixed consequences in terms of their effectiveness and maturity. Some, such as squatters on Barcelona's urban periphery~~, deliberately~~ distance themselves from accepted ~~discourse~~ and ~~practice and operate as 'uncivil' initiatives, contravening~~ laws ~~perceived~~ to be unjust ~~and cultivating~~ popular legitimacy through socially responsible action in their immediate neighbourhoods.<ref> D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F., Cattaneo, C., 2013. Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society. Journal of Civil Society 9, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2013.788935</ref> Others have found mixed success in seeking compromise with incumbent regimes. Community-based initiatives that constitute as officially recognised organisations often find themselves subject to a phenomenon known as ''coercive isomorphism'', where the need to sustain the chosen legal form creates pressures that are at odds with their basic premises and preferred ways of operating.<ref> Becker, S.L., Franke, F., Gläsel, A., 2018. Regime pressures and organizational forms of community-based sustainability initiatives. ''Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions'' 29, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.004</ref> Such effects can be exacerbated by participation in funding schemes that assume or favour particular organisational models, framing concepts and modes of action.</ref> Such tensions create risks of co-option by the very dominant framings they seek to challenge, limiting or even directly contradicting their stated goals.<ref> Frantzeskaki, N., Dumitru, A., Anguelovski, I., Avelino, F., Bach, M., Best, B., Binder, C., Barnes, J., Carrus, G., Egermann, M., Haxeltine, A., Moore, M.-L., Mira, R.G., Loorbach, D., Uzzell, D., Omann, I., Olsson, P., Silvestri, G., Stedman, R., Wittmayer, J., Durrant, R., Rauschmayer, F., 2016. Elucidating the changing roles of civil society in urban sustainability transitions. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' 22, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.008</ref>		Squatters on Barcelona's urban periphery are an example of what has been termed 'uncivil' initiatives. They explicitly distance themselves from accepted norms and deliberately break laws they perceive to be unjust. Instead, they cultivate popular legitimacy through socially responsible action in their immediate neighbourhoods.<ref> D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F., Cattaneo, C., 2013. Civil and Uncivil Actors for a Degrowth Society. Journal of Civil Society 9, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2013.788935</ref>

	Increasing numbers of cases exist where citizen movements enacting ~~understandings of~~ sustainability and~~/or~~ justice ~~different from those of established political actors~~ have assumed political power at city level~~, allowing them to enact radical political programmes~~. In Naples, protest movements against toxic waste dumping matured into people'a assemblies that ~~took power~~ in municipal elections in 2016.<ref> Armerio, M., Di Angelis, M., 2017. Anthropocene: victims, narrators, and revolutionaries. South Atlantic Quarterly 116, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-3829445</ref> In Barcelona, housing rights campaigner Ada Colau was elected mayor in 2015, part of a wave of popular protest movements to have come to power as part of the 'new municipalist' movement worldwide <ref> Bookchin, D. & A. Colau (eds.), 2019. ''Fearless Cities: A guide to the global municipalist movement''. Oxford: New Internationalist.</ref> ~~Alternative conceptual framings thus range across~~ a ~~broad spectrum~~ of ~~maturity, from isolated~~ and ~~tentative experiments to capture~~ of ~~dominant institutions~~.		Community-based initiatives seeking engagement with incumbent regimes run constant risks of co-option by the very dominant framings they seek to challenge, limiting or even directly contradicting their stated goals.<ref> Frantzeskaki, N., Dumitru, A., Anguelovski, I., Avelino, F., Bach, M., Best, B., Binder, C., Barnes, J., Carrus, G., Egermann, M., Haxeltine, A., Moore, M.-L., Mira, R.G., Loorbach, D., Uzzell, D., Omann, I., Olsson, P., Silvestri, G., Stedman, R., Wittmayer, J., Durrant, R., Rauschmayer, F., 2016. Elucidating the changing roles of civil society in urban sustainability transitions. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' 22, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.008</ref>. Initiatives that choose to constitute as officially recognised organisations often find themselves subject to a phenomenon known as ''coercive isomorphism'', where the need to sustain the chosen legal form creates pressures that are at odds with their basic premises and preferred ways of operating.<ref> Becker, S.L., Franke, F., Gläsel, A., 2018. Regime pressures and organizational forms of community-based sustainability initiatives. ''Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions'' 29, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.004</ref> Such effects can be exacerbated by participation in funding schemes that assume or favour particular organisational models, framing concepts and modes of action.<ref> Creamer, E., 2015. The double-edged sword of grant funding: a study of community-led climate change initiatives in remote rural Scotland. ''Local Environment'' 20, 981–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.885937
			</ref><ref> Taylor Aiken, G., 2014. Common Sense Community? The Climate Challenge Fund’s Official and Tacit Community Construction. ''Scottish Geographical Journal'' 130, 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2014.921322</ref>

			Increasing numbers of cases exist where citizen movements enacting alternative conceptualisations that closely link sustainability and justice have assumed political power at city level. In Naples, protest movements against toxic waste dumping matured into people'a assemblies encating a radical participatory form of democracy. Spreading to all districts of the city, they became the basis of a grassroots political coalition that won control of the city in municipal elections in 2016.<ref> Armerio, M., Di Angelis, M., 2017. Anthropocene: victims, narrators, and revolutionaries. ''South Atlantic Quarterly'' 116, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-3829445</ref> In Barcelona, housing rights campaigner Ada Colau was elected mayor in 2015, part of a wave of popular protest movements to have come to power as part of the 'new municipalist' movement worldwide <ref> Bookchin, D. & A. Colau (eds.), 2019. ''[http://fearlesscities.com/ Fearless Cities]: A guide to the global municipalist movement''. Oxford: New Internationalist.</ref> Its projects include Barcelona Energia, a publically owned renewable energy company that now manages the electricity grid for the entire municipal region, with aim of empowering residents to produce their own energy and democratise control of energy infrastructure.<ref> https://transformativecities.org/atlas-of-utopias/atlas-013// Accessed October 18th 2019.</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Tom.henfrey: /* Narrative of change */

2019-10-18T18:55:33Z

Narrative of change

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	The EU-funded RELOCAL project (H2020, 2017-2020) mapped patterns of inequality in cities (and non-urban areas) in nine countries across Europe, at scales ranging from city-wide to neighbourhood.<ref> Németh, S., 2018. [https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/10/D10.8-Working-Paper-Series-2.pdf ''Resituating the Local in Cohesion and Territorial Development'']. Working Paper 2. RELOCAL Project.</ref> A key finding was the existence of 'frontier areas' where marked differences in affluence are evident among geographically close neighbours.<ref> https://relocal.eu/multi-scalar-patterns-of-inequalities/. Accessed September 13th 2019.</ref> In many cities, widely different understandings and experiences of urban life may thus co-exist in close proximity. This suggests both the necessity of, and potential for, reconciling diverse views of sustainability and perspectives on urban life, via attention to all three key dimensions of justice, may be highest in urban areas.<ref> ''The Role of the Local in Improving Cohesion and Spatial Justice: integrating place-based with top-down approaches to local development'' ([https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/12/RELOCAL_Policy-Brief-1_Sept-2018.pdf Policy Brief No. 1]), 2018. RELOCAL Project.</ref>		The EU-funded RELOCAL project (H2020, 2017-2020) mapped patterns of inequality in cities (and non-urban areas) in nine countries across Europe, at scales ranging from city-wide to neighbourhood.<ref> Németh, S., 2018. [https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/10/D10.8-Working-Paper-Series-2.pdf ''Resituating the Local in Cohesion and Territorial Development'']. Working Paper 2. RELOCAL Project.</ref> A key finding was the existence of 'frontier areas' where marked differences in affluence are evident among geographically close neighbours.<ref> https://relocal.eu/multi-scalar-patterns-of-inequalities/. Accessed September 13th 2019.</ref> In many cities, widely different understandings and experiences of urban life may thus co-exist in close proximity. This suggests both the necessity of, and potential for, reconciling diverse views of sustainability and perspectives on urban life, via attention to all three key dimensions of justice, may be highest in urban areas.<ref> ''The Role of the Local in Improving Cohesion and Spatial Justice: integrating place-based with top-down approaches to local development'' ([https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/12/RELOCAL_Policy-Brief-1_Sept-2018.pdf Policy Brief No. 1]), 2018. RELOCAL Project.</ref>

	==Narrative of ~~change~~==		==Narrative of Change==
	~~(elaborate a bit more on a few concepts/~~approaches~~/perspective~~, ~~clarifying what are~~ the ~~narratives~~ of ~~change behind them~~. ~~Ideally provide 2-3 inspiring quotes from projects/publications that illustrate the narratives of change~~.)		Although the approaches listed here are diverse, they have in common that they reject dominant narratives, and the courses of action they imply, in favour of their own. These alternative discourses often foreground sustainability and justice as primary societal goals, not secondary considerations dependent on or subordinate to other factors.

	~~Although~~ the ~~approaches listed here are diverse~~, ~~they have in common that they reject dominant narratives~~, and ~~the courses of action they imply~~, ~~in favour of their own~~.		The degrowth and postgrowth movements express an explicit political ecology of this type. They assert that commitment to GDP growth as a goal in itself is ecologically and socially damaging in multiple respects. On the basis of a large and growing body of evidence, GDP growth is argued to be fundamentally incompatible with sustainability, to often generate and exacerbate injustice, and to undermine democracy by excluding alternatives from serious consideration.<ref> Asara, V., Profumi, E., Kallis, G., 2013. Degrowth, Democracy and Autonomy. ''Environmental Values'' 22, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327113X13581561725239</ref>

	~~An explicit political ecology~~ of ~~this type characterises~~ the degrowth and ~~postgrowth movements~~, ~~which assert that commitment~~ to ~~GDP growth as~~ a ~~structural condition for macro-economic stability is fundamentally incompatible with sustainability~~, ~~often generates~~ and ~~exacerbates injustice~~, and ~~undermines democracy by excluding alternatives from serious consideration~~.<ref> e.g. ~~Asara~~, V., ~~Profumi~~, E., ~~Kallis~~, G., ~~2013. Degrowth~~, ~~Democracy~~ and ~~Autonomy~~. ~~Environmental Values 22~~, ~~217–239~~. https://~~doi~~.~~org~~/10.~~3197~~/~~096327113X13581561725239~~</ref>		François Schneider and colleagues (2010: 513) emphasise that degrowth is based on a politics of choice:
			(D)egrowth is offered as a social choice, not imposed as an external imperative for environmental or other reasons. Decentralizing and deepening democratic institutions and repoliticizing the economy are prime objectives for the degrowth movement, alongside the reduction of consumption and production; one cannot be considered without the other.<ref> Schneider, F., Kallis, G., Martinez-Alier, J., 2010. Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue. ''Journal of Cleaner Production'' 18, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014</ref>

			Democracy and empowerment through locally autonomous, self-organised action are also central to narratives of change in the [[ecovillage]] and [[Transition movement]]s. According to the Global Ecovillage Network website:
			The Global Ecovillage Network envisions a world of empowered citizens and communities, designing and implementing pathways to a regenerative future, while building bridges of hope and international solidarity.<ref> https://ecovillage.org/. Accessed October 18th 2019.</ref>

			The [www.ecolise.eu ECOLISE] network of European community-led sustainability and climate change initiatives, whose members include GEN, Transition Network, and many national networks in the [[ecovillage]] and [[Transition movement]]s, begins its strategy with the following statement:

			ECOLISE sees hope in the rich seam of solutions that are being continuously developed by community-led initiatives across Europe and the world, including those that encompass inner growth, inclusive approaches to collaboration and to the governance of commons and stewardship of ecosystems. Furthermore ECOLISE is inspired and motivated by the growing interest in these life-affirming approaches. In this context ECOLISE’s purpose is to engage in, support and facilitate accelerated learning and collaboration among community-led initiatives, their networks and partners in order to catalyse systemic transformation within and across society.
			The work of ECOLISE is inspired by the vision of a compassionate, equitable and regenerative society of empowered and resilient communities that thrive on diversity and inclusion and live within planetary boundaries.<ref> https://www.ecolise.eu/about-ecolise/. Accessed October 18th 2019.</ref>

			UrbanA fellow Marilyn Hamilton of [https://integralcity.com/ Integral City] emphasises the importance of an integral approach, which integrates multiple perspectives within a meta-framework recognising that all phenomena have both interior/exterior and individual/collective dimensions, and develop and evolve in each of these.<ref> Wilber, K., 2000. ''Integral Psychology''. Boston: Shambala</ref> In Marilyn's view, approaches to sustainability and justice tend to emphasise exterior dimensions of phenomena, and in particular to overlook the caring qualities prominent in inner dimensions and essential for justice. Inclusion is another important feature of an integral approach, which honours pluralism and recognises that all perspectives express some degree of relative truth and bring valid insights into complex problems. Locating different perspectives on the integral map allows each to be honoured in its own terms, and enables collaboration towards inclusive action.

	==Transformative potential==		==Transformative potential==

Tom.henfrey: /* Narrative of change */

2019-10-18T18:26:48Z

Narrative of change

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	(elaborate a bit more on a few concepts/approaches/perspective, clarifying what are the narratives of change behind them. Ideally provide 2-3 inspiring quotes from projects/publications that illustrate the narratives of change.)		(elaborate a bit more on a few concepts/approaches/perspective, clarifying what are the narratives of change behind them. Ideally provide 2-3 inspiring quotes from projects/publications that illustrate the narratives of change.)

	~~The diverse~~ approaches here ~~aggregated as alternative conceptual framings~~ have in common ~~a critique of~~ dominant ~~framings as either failing to address sustainability~~ and ~~justice~~, ~~or even incorporating unsustainability and injustice as direct and inherent outcomes~~. An explicit political ecology of this type characterises the degrowth and postgrowth movements, which assert that commitment to GDP growth as a structural condition for macro-economic stability is fundamentally incompatible with sustainability, often generates and exacerbates injustice, and undermines democracy by excluding alternatives from serious consideration.<ref> e.g. Asara, V., Profumi, E., Kallis, G., 2013. Degrowth, Democracy and Autonomy. Environmental Values 22, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327113X13581561725239</ref> While explicit in this case, such a critique may be implicit or even absent in others, which simply seek to recognise, make visible and empower marginalised and excluded perspectives. The latter may limit themselves simply to asserting the ethical case for pluralism, particularly in urban populations that might be highly heterogenous; others might additionally assert that diversity of perspective is, in addition, a necessary resource for achieving justice and sustainability, and overcoming apparent tensions or incompatibilities between the two.		Although the approaches listed here are diverse, they have in common that they reject dominant narratives, and the courses of action they imply, in favour of their own.

			An explicit political ecology of this type characterises the degrowth and postgrowth movements, which assert that commitment to GDP growth as a structural condition for macro-economic stability is fundamentally incompatible with sustainability, often generates and exacerbates injustice, and undermines democracy by excluding alternatives from serious consideration.<ref> e.g. Asara, V., Profumi, E., Kallis, G., 2013. Degrowth, Democracy and Autonomy. Environmental Values 22, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327113X13581561725239</ref>

	==Transformative potential==		==Transformative potential==

Tom.henfrey: /* Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice */ expanded

2019-10-18T18:19:24Z

Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice: expanded

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	* The AGAPE Project (FP7, 2014-2016) studied the consequences of urban displacment in southern European cities following the post-2008 economic crisis. It identified a range of actions undertaken by those affected in order to challenge directly gentrification and its effects, including confronting eviction, privatization, speculation and austerity. It concluded that such [[anti-gentrification practices]] dramatically reshape understandings of urban exclusion and justice, the courses of action available to city authorities, and the consequences of these.<ref> AGAPE Project, 2016. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/reporting/en ''Final Report Summary - AGAPE (Exploring Anti-GentrificAtion PracticEs and policies in Southern European Cities)'']</ref>		* The AGAPE Project (FP7, 2014-2016) studied the consequences of urban displacment in southern European cities following the post-2008 economic crisis. It identified a range of actions undertaken by those affected in order to challenge directly gentrification and its effects, including confronting eviction, privatization, speculation and austerity. It concluded that such [[anti-gentrification practices]] dramatically reshape understandings of urban exclusion and justice, the courses of action available to city authorities, and the consequences of these.<ref> AGAPE Project, 2016. [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/reporting/en ''Final Report Summary - AGAPE (Exploring Anti-GentrificAtion PracticEs and policies in Southern European Cities)'']</ref>

	==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, ~~sustainability~~, and ~~justice~~==		==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, Sustainability, and Justice==
			Action to make cities more sustainable often has the unintended consequence of increasing injustice. For example, the activities of community initiatives in Peckham, south London reinforced ongoing processes of gentrification that led to exclusion of low income residents.<ref> Håkansson, I., 2018. The socio-spatial politics of urban sustainability transitions: Grassroots initiatives in gentrifying Peckham. ''Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions'' 29, 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.003</ref>

	~~(Emphasize how important alternative thinking~~ is to make ~~cities more just & sustainability~~. ~~I would propose an additional reflection on~~ the importance of ~~CONNECTING social~~ justice and ~~ecological~~ sustainability~~. While there are many discourses on either one or the other~~, the ~~linkages between the two are the real challenge~~.		The apparent trade-off with justice observed in many urban sustainability initiatives is most likely an artefact of capitalist economics that equate well-being with levels of material consumption, and hence with environmental impacts.<ref> Henfrey, T. & G. Penha-Lopes, 2019. Recoupling through Regeneration: Community-led initiatives and the re-imagining of economic and social policy. ''Global Solutions Journal'' 4: 254-259.</ref> Many [[ecovillages]], for example, achieve levels of reported well-being and life satisfaction comparable to those of affluent urban neighbourhoods at far lower levels of material consumption, through alternative approaches that make social capital the main determinant of life quality.<ref> Mulder, K., Costanza, R., Erickson, J., 2006. The contribution of built, human, social and natural capital to quality of life in intentional and unintentional communities. ''Ecological Economics'' 59, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.021</ref> This emphasises the importance - and challenge - of identifying alternative conceptualisations that bring justice and sustainability into alignment, and finding ways to make them the basis of urban sustainability transitions.

	~~Alternative conceptual framings also exhibit diversity~~ in ~~their conceptual~~ maturity. ~~An interview with Marilyn Hamilton~~ of [https://~~integralcity~~.~~com~~/ ~~Integral City] emphasised the importance of the~~ [[~~integral approach~~]], ~~which integrates multiple perspectives within~~ a ~~meta-framework recognising~~ that ~~all phenomena have both interior/exterior and individual/collective dimensions, and develop and evolve~~ in ~~each of these~~. ~~Approaches to sustainability and justice tend to emphasise exterior dimensions of phenomena~~, ~~and in particular to overlook the caring qualities prominent in inner dimensions and essential for justice~~. ~~Inclusion is another important feature of an integral approach~~, ~~which honours pluralism and recognises that all perspectives express some degree of relative truth and bring valid insights into complex problems~~. ~~Locating different perspectives on the integral map allows each to be honoured in its own terms~~, ~~and enables collaboration towards inclusive action~~.		In terms of their occurence, alternative conceptualisations may arise in both urban and non-urban settings. Experiences from ecovillages suggest that a degree of cultural isolation from the mainstream has been important in enabling the emergence and maturity of new modes of thinking and action.<ref> Henfrey, T., Ford, L., 2018. Permacultures of transformation: steps to a cultural ecology of environmental action. ''Journal of Political Ecology'' 25, 104–119. https://doi.org/0.2458/v25i1.22758</ref> While perhaps most readily available in [[intentional communities]], such freedom of creative thought and action is also a feature of temporary or permanent alternative spaces that are often found in urban settings.<ref> Leyshon, A., R. Lee & C.C. Williams (eds.), 2003. ''Alternative Economic Spaces.'' London: Sage.</ref>

			The EU-funded RELOCAL project (H2020, 2017-2020) mapped patterns of inequality in cities (and non-urban areas) in nine countries across Europe, at scales ranging from city-wide to neighbourhood.<ref> Németh, S., 2018. [https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/10/D10.8-Working-Paper-Series-2.pdf ''Resituating the Local in Cohesion and Territorial Development'']. Working Paper 2. RELOCAL Project.</ref> A key finding was the existence of 'frontier areas' where marked differences in affluence are evident among geographically close neighbours.<ref> https://relocal.eu/multi-scalar-patterns-of-inequalities/. Accessed September 13th 2019.</ref> In many cities, widely different understandings and experiences of urban life may thus co-exist in close proximity. This suggests both the necessity of, and potential for, reconciling diverse views of sustainability and perspectives on urban life, via attention to all three key dimensions of justice, may be highest in urban areas.<ref> ''The Role of the Local in Improving Cohesion and Spatial Justice: integrating place-based with top-down approaches to local development'' ([https://relocal.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/12/RELOCAL_Policy-Brief-1_Sept-2018.pdf Policy Brief No. 1]), 2018. RELOCAL Project.</ref>


	~~Alternative conceptual framings may arise~~ in ~~both urban~~ and non-urban ~~settings. Their establishment and maturity often benefits from a degree of cultural isolation perhaps most readily available~~ in ~~intentional communities~~,<ref> ~~Henfrey, T.~~, ~~Ford, L~~., 2018. ~~Permacultures of transformation: steps to a cultural ecology of environmental action. Journal of Political Ecology 25, 104–119.~~ https://~~doi~~.~~org~~/~~0.2458~~/~~v25i1.22758<~~/~~ref> but also available in temporary or permanent alternative spaces in urban settings~~.~~<ref> Leyshon, A., R. Lee & C.C. Williams (eds.), 2003~~. ''~~Alternative Economic Spaces.~~'' ~~London: Sage~~.</ref> ~~Their co-~~existence ~~has certainly been documented in cities, and may be evident at multiple scales from city-wide down, including~~ 'frontier areas' where ~~widely~~ marked differences in affluence~~, and hence understandings and experiences of the city, may be~~ evident among geographically close neighbours.<ref> https://relocal.eu/multi-scalar-patterns-of-inequalities/. Accessed September 13th 2019.</ref>

	==Narrative of change==		==Narrative of change==