Urban Arena Wiki - User contributions [en]

Participatory budgeting

2020-06-05T09:46:31Z

MaartenMarkus:

[https://www.participatorybudgeting.org/what-is-pb// Participatory budgeting] (PB) is a democratic process in which community members decide how to spend part of a public budget. The approach gives people real power over real money.<ref>https://www.participatorybudgeting.org/what-is-pb/</ref>

==General introduction to approach==
Participatory budgeting (PB) is a decision-making process through which citizens deliberate and negotiate over the distribution of public resources<ref>Shah, A. (Ed.). (2007). Participatory budgeting. World Bank. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/ParticipatoryBudgeting.pdf</ref>. Participatory budgeting programs are implemented at the behest of governments, citizens, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society organizations (CSOs) to allow citizens to play a direct role in deciding how and where resources should be spent. These programs create opportunities for engaging, educating, and empowering citizens, which can foster a more vibrant civil society. While the rules vary from city to city and from state to state, the guiding tenets of participatory budgeting programs include<ref>Shah, A. (Ed.). (2007). Participatory budgeting. World Bank. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/ParticipatoryBudgeting.pdf</ref>:

*The municipality is divided into regions to facilitate meetings and the distribution of resources.
*Government-sponsored meetings are held throughout the year, covering different aspects of the budgeting and policy-making cycles.
*A “Quality of Life Index” is created by the government to serve as the basis for the distribution of resources. Each municipality devises its own formula to guarantee the equitable distribution of resources.
*Public deliberation and negotiation take place between participants and government over resources and policies.
*A “bus caravan of priorities” is conducted, in which elected representatives visit all preapproved project sites before the final vote to evaluate the social needs of proposed projects.
*Elected representatives vote on all final projects and results become part of the public record.
*A municipal wide council is elected with two representatives who oversee budgeting and make final recommendations.
*After final approval of the annual budget, the mayor sends it to the municipal legislative chambers to be approved (or block specific projects)
*A year-end report is published detailing the implementation of public works and programs.
*Regional or neighborhood committees are established to monitor the design and implementation of policy projects.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==
The frameworks of PB differentiate variously throughout the globe in terms of scale, procedure, and objective. PB, in its conception, is often contextualized to suit a region's particular conditions and needs. Thus, the magnitudes of PB vary depending on whether it is carried out at a municipal, regional, or provincial level. Broadly, there are two main tracks of PB, one, “participatory budgeting public works” focusing on specific public works projects and second, “participatory budgeting thematics” focusing on general spending policies<ref>Shah, A. (Ed.). (2007). Participatory budgeting. World Bank. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/ParticipatoryBudgeting.pdf</ref>.

In many cases, PB has been legally enforced and regulated; however, some are internally arranged and promoted. Since the original invention in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1988, PB has manifested itself in a myriad of designs, with variations in methodology, form, and technology. Throughout the 1990s, participatory budgeting spread to other municipalities in Brazil and to other countries in South America, including Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Peru. From the late 1990s, participatory budgeting in different formats has begun to take root in Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa<ref>https://participedia.net/method/146</ref>. Today, PB has been implemented in nearly 1,500 municipalities and institutions around the world<ref>Röcke, Anja (2014). Framing Citizen Participation: Participatory Budgeting in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137326669. ISBN 978-1-137-32666-9.</ref>

The city of Amsterdam has an active Participatory Budget for some neighbourhoods called '<ref>https://buurtbudget.amsterdam.nl/</ref>Buurtbudgetten'. Despite a case of fraud, most neighbourhood budgets are continued.

==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==
Participatory budgeting addresses two distinct but interconnected (in)justice-based needs in cities, first, improving state performance and second, enhancing the quality of democracy. It helps improve state performance through a series of institutional rules that constrain and check the prerogatives of the municipal government while creating increased opportunities for citizens to directly participate and engage in public policy debates. Additionally, it also helps promote transparency (which has the potential to reduce government inefficiencies and corruption) and provide poor and historically excluded citizens with access to important decision-making venues<ref>Shah, A. (Ed.). (2007). Participatory budgeting. World Bank. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/ParticipatoryBudgeting.pdf</ref>.

==Narrative of change==
The participatory budgeting program is an innovative policy-making tool, designed to challenge the social and political exclusion, especially of historically marginalized communities by directly involving citizens in budgeting decisions. With a participatory budget, citizens have the opportunity to allocate resources, prioritize social policies, and monitor public spending<ref>https://www.citizenlab.co/blog/civic-engagement/steps-to-effective-participatory-budgeting/</ref>. As there is actual control over resources and decision-making processes, it can act as a catalyst for civic mobilization, especially in poorer areas. In Porto Alegre, Brazil (the city with the longest-running participatory budgeting process) there has been a significant reallocation of resources towards spending in poorer areas as well as increased efficiency and reduced corruption as a result of participatory budgeting<ref>https://www.involve.org.uk/resources/methods/participatory-budgeting</ref>.

==Transformative potential==
Participatory budgeting has proved its effectiveness as a solution in a wide range of settings: in different countries, at all levels of governance, both offline and online. Its power is to a large extent due to binding all stages of the policymaking cycle: agenda-setting, deliberation, decision-making, co-implementation, monitoring and control. It raises the quality of life of local people, establishes a dialogue between citizens and authorities, and creates an efficient format for collaboration towards local development<ref>https://www.eurozine.com/participatory-budgeting-an-empowering-democratic-institution/#anchor-footnote-26</ref>.

==Illustration==
*[http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/sii/oidp-1 Participatory Budgeting Fortaleza (Brazil)]
*[http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/sii/oidp-2 Participatory Budgeting Belo Horizonte (Brazil)]
*[http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/sii/participatory-budgeting-amsterdam-pb-amsterdam Participatory Budgeting Amsterdam (Netherlands)]
*[http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/sii/oidp-3 Participatory Budgeting Porto Alegre (Brazil)]

== Suggested reading==
*A Guide to Participatory Budgeting: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources/ParticipatoryBudgeting.pdf
*Participatory Budgeting by Country: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_budgeting_by_country
*Algorithm for implementing participatory budgeting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_budgeting_algorithm
*Wittmayer, J. M. and Rach, S. (2016) [http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/content/original/Book%20covers/Local%20PDFs/185%20Participatory%20budgeting%20in%20the%20Indische%20Buurt%202015.pdf Participatory budgeting in the Indische Buurt (chapter 5 of TRANSIT case study report participatory budgeting)]. TRANSIT: EU SHH.2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no: 613169
*Cipolla, C.; Afonso, R. C. M.; Wittmayer, J. M.; Serpa, B. and Rach, B. (2016) [http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/content/original/Book%20covers/Local%20PDFs/224%202016-01-26%20-%20BatchII_For%20publication_IOPD-PB%20%281%29.pdf Transformative social innovation : participatory budgeting : a summary of the case study report on participatory budgeting - the IOPD - International Observatory of Participatory Democracy (OIDP - Observatório Internacional de Democracia Participativa)], TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1. Grant agreement no: 613169.
*Cipolla, C.; Afonso, R.; Wittmayer, J.; Bibiana, S. and Rach, S. (2016) [http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/resource-hub/wp-4-case-study-report-participatory-budgeting WP 4 : case study report : participatory budgeting], TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1. Grant agreement no: 613169

==References==
<references />

[[Category: Approaches]]
[[Category: TRANSIT]]

CircularCity

2020-03-10T21:39:35Z

MaartenMarkus: Created page with "pm"

User:MaartenMarkus

2020-03-10T21:35:29Z

MaartenMarkus: Created page with "As an urban planner I focused on making cities more sutainable during my studies and carreer. I studied Urban Development at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences foll..."

As an urban planner I focused on making cities more sutainable during my studies and carreer. I studied Urban Development at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences followed by Urban Planning at the University of Amsterdam where I also dit my masters Urban Studies. I researched the implementation of sustainability goals in area development in Boston and Amsterdam (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14649357.2016.1210666). I've also worked on social issues in the Amsterdam neighbourhood action team. Currently I work for an area developer to implement new aproaches to increase sustainable performance of our projects. I love sporting outdoors by cycling or running and, very cliche, live on a little housebout appartment in Amsterdam with my wife and two Cats.

==Vision on & relation to sustainable just cities==
I am an urban enthusiast and believe we can do so much better to work for more sustainable results in planning, developing and managing cities. While systemic change is necessary, I also believe action is required to show that there is always a way of doing things better.

In my work I include a variety of stakeholders to come up with alternative ways to realize energieneutral neighbourhoods, implement circular principles and decrease car ownership and usage by promoting alternative modes (shared) transportation. I have recentlypartnered up with a collleauge to add inclusiveness (inclusive city) with my sustainability work.

==More about me==
''Websites & social media''
* https://www.am.nl/themas/gedurfde-duurzaamheid/
* https://twitter.com/MaartenMarkus
* https://www.linkedin.com/in/maartenmarkus
* http://theprotocity.com/author/maartenmarkus/

''Key readings / projects (top 1-10)''
* The implementation deficits of adaptation and mitigation: green buildings and water security in Amsterdam and Boston https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14649357.2016.1210666
* Circulaire Prestaties, een cultuurverandering https://www.platform31.nl/blogs/blogs-platform31/circulaire-prestaties-een-cultuurverandering
* White Paper: Circulair Ontwikkelen https://www.am.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DEF-Versie-White-Paper.pdf
* Project: Bajes KWartier, Amsterdam https://www.bajeskwartier.com/duurzaamheid/
* Regulation Dilemma Report https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2520878/163696_aprilab_regulation_dilemma_report_final_deliverable_3a_1_.pdf
* Book: Slimme Stad, Zo doe je dat https://future-city.nl/bestel-het-boek-een-slimme-stad-zo-doe-je-dat/
* English https://future-city.nl/smart-city-book-eng/
* Verstedelijking vraagt om een slimmer proces: https://www.am.nl/verstedelijking-vraagt-om-een-slimmer-proces/
* Circulaire Dilemma's http://romagazine.nl/19655-2/19655

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T21:03:35Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Summary of relevant approaches */

Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practices in cities globally focus on mobility management and security. However, smaller scale initiatives also show efforts to boost local communities, citizen based data experiments and impact analysis and more performance based interventions. Issues focused on by Smart City projects is climate change mitigation (energy transition, sustainable mobility), Accessibility (smart mobility, mobility management) and even climate change adaptation and health. Smart City approaches often include a learning curve where data is gathered before and after a spatial intervention, and subsequent interventions are planned or adjusted

==General introduction to approach==
The paradigm of smart cities is not without critique. It is often believed that Smart Citie adepts focus to much on finding technologies for complex socio-economicial and environmental problems. Whilst technology has a big role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and data based solutions for smart cities can contribute a great deal in lowering emmissions, smog and polution, the root causes are often behavioural, economical and political. Consequently, Smart Cities is an approach that is subject to scrutiny as it a technology based approach that lacks a clear vision or political colour (see also Hollands, 2008 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/smart-city/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/03/Lecture-MODULE-3-2008-Will-the-real-smart-city-please-stand-up-Hollands.pdf). In extreme form, the appproach can even result in missuse of new technological possibilities leading to privacy issues or even empowering private tech companies or (non democratic) governments. At the same time, there are examples where technology empores citizens and marginalized groups. Citizen based science projects in real urban environments can create to new forms of learning, empoering and co-creating urban space. It is the latter opportunity of the approach that brings us opportunities of bridging the gap between government, private companies and citizens in adressing environmental and justice issues progressivaly. When we use 'Smart City Technology' in this way, we are indeed Smart about cities, as the title of Hajer & Dassen (2014) book states.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Although Smart City is used througout urban scales, less or more based on digitalization and data and with abundent and without citizens involvement, two directions can clearly be distinguished: the top down smart city and the bottum up smart city (Khansari, Mostashari and Mansouri 2013 https://www.sciencetarget.com/Journal/index.php/IJSLUP/article/viewFile/365/104).

Top Down: Governments use data collection to increase efficiency in the urban system, be it on transportation, waste collection or law enforcement.
Bottom-Up: Citizens use new technolgies and data collection to increase knowledge and influence on their urban environment.

Example on neighbourhood scale:
In practice, city governments using Smart City solutions can also choose to work closely with communities or stakeholders. By learning about an issue together, citizens understand the impact of their behaviour on their environment and city officials increase opportunities for support of interventions. The case of Dutch city Zwolle is interesting in this regard. As part on their 'Smart Zwolle' program (https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle), the city wanted to utilize citizens and technology to find durable solutions for flash floods. But citizens can also play their part. So the city used citizens to gather data on rain water, humidity and other indictors and worked with the community on solutions that would benefit the neigbourhood in being less prone to flash flooding ánd couple this with other imrovements like greening the neighbourhood and increasing flora and fauna. The proces took time but als increased community spirit and collective learning.

==Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==

Smart Cities focuses on finding new technological solutions for urban issues, mostly making use of data management and digitalization. Sustainable development is often mentioned in relation to more efficient mobility management, reducing smog levels and increasing renwable energy supply and smart grid management. While smart city aproaches could decrease injustice by including participation of marginalized groups, or even using data to expose injustice, this opportunity is not often brought to the fore.

Urbana could use Smart Cities as a way to investigate the opportunities of digitalization, data-based urban solutions and worst- and best practices of Smart Cities globally as a way to positivaly use technoligical possibilities for sustainable and just cities.

==Narrative of change==

Smart Cities aim to utilize new digital technologies to make cities better. The lack of fundamental vision is critical as it is not always clear 'better for who'. Nevertheless, technological advancement and the interconnectedness of people and assets changes the way people live and how cities function. Smart Cities tries to use these technologies for the urban issues of today, be it bottom-up or top down, inclusive or exclusive.

==Transformative potential==

The transformatie potential is significant. Already, cities change rapidly due to digitalization due to new last minute logistical services, decentralization of the energy grid, traffic management, ads based on geographical locations, platform and sharing economy changing impacting the housing and taxi market. New technologies can be rather disruptive but could also be used positivily and more progressivly for smart, sutainalbe and just cities.

Sidenote: see how one person creates a traffic jam: https://tweakers.net/geek/163026/handkar-vol-smartphones-veroorzaakt-nepfiles-in-google-maps.html

==Summary of relevant approaches==

Smart Zwolle: Citizen Based Science program for climate adaptaition in Flash Flood prone neighbourhoods: https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle
Antwerp Smart Zone: Companies, citizens and the city work together to test new applications in real life: https://www.antwerpen.be/nl/info/5b3e0258ca69bc346435fe99/antwerp-smart-zone

==References==

to be specified

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T21:00:37Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Transformative potential */

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:56:07Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Narrative of change */

Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practices in cities globally focus on mobility management and security. However, smaller scale initiatives also show efforts to boost local communities, citizen based data experiments and impact analysis and more performance based interventions. Issues focused on by Smart City projects is climate change mitigation (energy transition, sustainable mobility), Accessibility (smart mobility, mobility management) and even climate change adaptation and health. Smart City approaches often include a learning curve where data is gathered before and after a spatial intervention, and subsequent interventions are planned or adjusted

==General introduction to approach==
The paradigm of smart cities is not without critique. It is often believed that Smart Citie adepts focus to much on finding technologies for complex socio-economicial and environmental problems. Whilst technology has a big role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and data based solutions for smart cities can contribute a great deal in lowering emmissions, smog and polution, the root causes are often behavioural, economical and political. Consequently, Smart Cities is an approach that is subject to scrutiny as it a technology based approach that lacks a clear vision or political colour (see also Hollands, 2008 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/smart-city/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/03/Lecture-MODULE-3-2008-Will-the-real-smart-city-please-stand-up-Hollands.pdf). In extreme form, the appproach can even result in missuse of new technological possibilities leading to privacy issues or even empowering private tech companies or (non democratic) governments. At the same time, there are examples where technology empores citizens and marginalized groups. Citizen based science projects in real urban environments can create to new forms of learning, empoering and co-creating urban space. It is the latter opportunity of the approach that brings us opportunities of bridging the gap between government, private companies and citizens in adressing environmental and justice issues progressivaly. When we use 'Smart City Technology' in this way, we are indeed Smart about cities, as the title of Hajer & Dassen (2014) book states.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Although Smart City is used througout urban scales, less or more based on digitalization and data and with abundent and without citizens involvement, two directions can clearly be distinguished: the top down smart city and the bottum up smart city (Khansari, Mostashari and Mansouri 2013 https://www.sciencetarget.com/Journal/index.php/IJSLUP/article/viewFile/365/104).

Top Down: Governments use data collection to increase efficiency in the urban system, be it on transportation, waste collection or law enforcement.
Bottom-Up: Citizens use new technolgies and data collection to increase knowledge and influence on their urban environment.

Example on neighbourhood scale:
In practice, city governments using Smart City solutions can also choose to work closely with communities or stakeholders. By learning about an issue together, citizens understand the impact of their behaviour on their environment and city officials increase opportunities for support of interventions. The case of Dutch city Zwolle is interesting in this regard. As part on their 'Smart Zwolle' program (https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle), the city wanted to utilize citizens and technology to find durable solutions for flash floods. But citizens can also play their part. So the city used citizens to gather data on rain water, humidity and other indictors and worked with the community on solutions that would benefit the neigbourhood in being less prone to flash flooding ánd couple this with other imrovements like greening the neighbourhood and increasing flora and fauna. The proces took time but als increased community spirit and collective learning.

==Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==

Smart Cities focuses on finding new technological solutions for urban issues, mostly making use of data management and digitalization. Sustainable development is often mentioned in relation to more efficient mobility management, reducing smog levels and increasing renwable energy supply and smart grid management. While smart city aproaches could decrease injustice by including participation of marginalized groups, or even using data to expose injustice, this opportunity is not often brought to the fore.

Urbana could use Smart Cities as a way to investigate the opportunities of digitalization, data-based urban solutions and worst- and best practices of Smart Cities globally as a way to positivaly use technoligical possibilities for sustainable and just cities.

==Narrative of change==

Smart Cities aim to utilize new digital technologies to make cities better. The lack of fundamental vision is critical as it is not always clear 'better for who'. Nevertheless, technological advancement and the interconnectedness of people and assets changes the way people live and how cities function. Smart Cities tries to use these technologies for the urban issues of today, be it bottom-up or top down, inclusive or exclusive.

==Transformative potential==

to be specified

==Summary of relevant approaches==

to be specified

==References==

to be specified

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:50:56Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Shapes, sizes and applications */

Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practices in cities globally focus on mobility management and security. However, smaller scale initiatives also show efforts to boost local communities, citizen based data experiments and impact analysis and more performance based interventions. Issues focused on by Smart City projects is climate change mitigation (energy transition, sustainable mobility), Accessibility (smart mobility, mobility management) and even climate change adaptation and health. Smart City approaches often include a learning curve where data is gathered before and after a spatial intervention, and subsequent interventions are planned or adjusted

==General introduction to approach==
The paradigm of smart cities is not without critique. It is often believed that Smart Citie adepts focus to much on finding technologies for complex socio-economicial and environmental problems. Whilst technology has a big role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and data based solutions for smart cities can contribute a great deal in lowering emmissions, smog and polution, the root causes are often behavioural, economical and political. Consequently, Smart Cities is an approach that is subject to scrutiny as it a technology based approach that lacks a clear vision or political colour (see also Hollands, 2008 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/smart-city/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/03/Lecture-MODULE-3-2008-Will-the-real-smart-city-please-stand-up-Hollands.pdf). In extreme form, the appproach can even result in missuse of new technological possibilities leading to privacy issues or even empowering private tech companies or (non democratic) governments. At the same time, there are examples where technology empores citizens and marginalized groups. Citizen based science projects in real urban environments can create to new forms of learning, empoering and co-creating urban space. It is the latter opportunity of the approach that brings us opportunities of bridging the gap between government, private companies and citizens in adressing environmental and justice issues progressivaly. When we use 'Smart City Technology' in this way, we are indeed Smart about cities, as the title of Hajer & Dassen (2014) book states.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Although Smart City is used througout urban scales, less or more based on digitalization and data and with abundent and without citizens involvement, two directions can clearly be distinguished: the top down smart city and the bottum up smart city (Khansari, Mostashari and Mansouri 2013 https://www.sciencetarget.com/Journal/index.php/IJSLUP/article/viewFile/365/104).

Top Down: Governments use data collection to increase efficiency in the urban system, be it on transportation, waste collection or law enforcement.
Bottom-Up: Citizens use new technolgies and data collection to increase knowledge and influence on their urban environment.

Example on neighbourhood scale:
In practice, city governments using Smart City solutions can also choose to work closely with communities or stakeholders. By learning about an issue together, citizens understand the impact of their behaviour on their environment and city officials increase opportunities for support of interventions. The case of Dutch city Zwolle is interesting in this regard. As part on their 'Smart Zwolle' program (https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle), the city wanted to utilize citizens and technology to find durable solutions for flash floods. But citizens can also play their part. So the city used citizens to gather data on rain water, humidity and other indictors and worked with the community on solutions that would benefit the neigbourhood in being less prone to flash flooding ánd couple this with other imrovements like greening the neighbourhood and increasing flora and fauna. The proces took time but als increased community spirit and collective learning.

==Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==

Smart Cities focuses on finding new technological solutions for urban issues, mostly making use of data management and digitalization. Sustainable development is often mentioned in relation to more efficient mobility management, reducing smog levels and increasing renwable energy supply and smart grid management. While smart city aproaches could decrease injustice by including participation of marginalized groups, or even using data to expose injustice, this opportunity is not often brought to the fore.

Urbana could use Smart Cities as a way to investigate the opportunities of digitalization, data-based urban solutions and worst- and best practices of Smart Cities globally as a way to positivaly use technoligical possibilities for sustainable and just cities.

==Narrative of change==

to be specified

==Transformative potential==

to be specified

==Summary of relevant approaches==

to be specified

==References==

to be specified

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:50:35Z

MaartenMarkus: /* General introduction to approach */

Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practices in cities globally focus on mobility management and security. However, smaller scale initiatives also show efforts to boost local communities, citizen based data experiments and impact analysis and more performance based interventions. Issues focused on by Smart City projects is climate change mitigation (energy transition, sustainable mobility), Accessibility (smart mobility, mobility management) and even climate change adaptation and health. Smart City approaches often include a learning curve where data is gathered before and after a spatial intervention, and subsequent interventions are planned or adjusted

==General introduction to approach==
The paradigm of smart cities is not without critique. It is often believed that Smart Citie adepts focus to much on finding technologies for complex socio-economicial and environmental problems. Whilst technology has a big role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and data based solutions for smart cities can contribute a great deal in lowering emmissions, smog and polution, the root causes are often behavioural, economical and political. Consequently, Smart Cities is an approach that is subject to scrutiny as it a technology based approach that lacks a clear vision or political colour (see also Hollands, 2008 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/smart-city/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/03/Lecture-MODULE-3-2008-Will-the-real-smart-city-please-stand-up-Hollands.pdf). In extreme form, the appproach can even result in missuse of new technological possibilities leading to privacy issues or even empowering private tech companies or (non democratic) governments. At the same time, there are examples where technology empores citizens and marginalized groups. Citizen based science projects in real urban environments can create to new forms of learning, empoering and co-creating urban space. It is the latter opportunity of the approach that brings us opportunities of bridging the gap between government, private companies and citizens in adressing environmental and justice issues progressivaly. When we use 'Smart City Technology' in this way, we are indeed Smart about cities, as the title of Hajer & Dassen (2014) book states.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Although Smart City is used througout urban scales, less or more based on digitalization and data and with abundent and without citizens involvement, two directions can clearly be distinguished: the top down smart city and the bottum up smart city (Khansari, Mostashari and Mansouri 2013).

Top Down: Governments use data collection to increase efficiency in the urban system, be it on transportation, waste collection or law enforcement.
Bottom-Up: Citizens use new technolgies and data collection to increase knowledge and influence on their urban environment.

Example on neighbourhood scale:
In practice, city governments using Smart City solutions can also choose to work closely with communities or stakeholders. By learning about an issue together, citizens understand the impact of their behaviour on their environment and city officials increase opportunities for support of interventions. The case of Dutch city Zwolle is interesting in this regard. As part on their 'Smart Zwolle' program (https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle), the city wanted to utilize citizens and technology to find durable solutions for flash floods. But citizens can also play their part. So the city used citizens to gather data on rain water, humidity and other indictors and worked with the community on solutions that would benefit the neigbourhood in being less prone to flash flooding ánd couple this with other imrovements like greening the neighbourhood and increasing flora and fauna. The proces took time but als increased community spirit and collective learning.

==Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==

Smart Cities focuses on finding new technological solutions for urban issues, mostly making use of data management and digitalization. Sustainable development is often mentioned in relation to more efficient mobility management, reducing smog levels and increasing renwable energy supply and smart grid management. While smart city aproaches could decrease injustice by including participation of marginalized groups, or even using data to expose injustice, this opportunity is not often brought to the fore.

Urbana could use Smart Cities as a way to investigate the opportunities of digitalization, data-based urban solutions and worst- and best practices of Smart Cities globally as a way to positivaly use technoligical possibilities for sustainable and just cities.

==Narrative of change==

to be specified

==Transformative potential==

to be specified

==Summary of relevant approaches==

to be specified

==References==

to be specified

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:50:05Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice */

Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practices in cities globally focus on mobility management and security. However, smaller scale initiatives also show efforts to boost local communities, citizen based data experiments and impact analysis and more performance based interventions. Issues focused on by Smart City projects is climate change mitigation (energy transition, sustainable mobility), Accessibility (smart mobility, mobility management) and even climate change adaptation and health. Smart City approaches often include a learning curve where data is gathered before and after a spatial intervention, and subsequent interventions are planned or adjusted

==General introduction to approach==
The paradigm of smart cities is not without critique. It is often believed that Smart Citie adepts focus to much on finding technologies for complex socio-economicial and environmental problems. Whilst technology has a big role to play in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and data based solutions for smart cities can contribute a great deal in lowering emmissions, smog and polution, the root causes are often behavioural, economical and political. Consequently, Smart Cities is an approach that is subject to scrutiny as it a technology based approach that lacks a clear vision or political colour (see also Hollands, 2008). In extreme form, the appproach can even result in missuse of new technological possibilities leading to privacy issues or even empowering private tech companies or (non democratic) governments. At the same time, there are examples where technology empores citizens and marginalized groups. Citizen based science projects in real urban environments can create to new forms of learning, empoering and co-creating urban space. It is the latter opportunity of the approach that brings us opportunities of bridging the gap between government, private companies and citizens in adressing environmental and justice issues progressivaly. When we use 'Smart City Technology' in this way, we are indeed Smart about cities, as the title of Hajer & Dassen (2014) book states.

==Shapes, sizes and applications==

Although Smart City is used througout urban scales, less or more based on digitalization and data and with abundent and without citizens involvement, two directions can clearly be distinguished: the top down smart city and the bottum up smart city (Khansari, Mostashari and Mansouri 2013).

Top Down: Governments use data collection to increase efficiency in the urban system, be it on transportation, waste collection or law enforcement.
Bottom-Up: Citizens use new technolgies and data collection to increase knowledge and influence on their urban environment.

Example on neighbourhood scale:
In practice, city governments using Smart City solutions can also choose to work closely with communities or stakeholders. By learning about an issue together, citizens understand the impact of their behaviour on their environment and city officials increase opportunities for support of interventions. The case of Dutch city Zwolle is interesting in this regard. As part on their 'Smart Zwolle' program (https://www.zwolle.nl/smartzwolle), the city wanted to utilize citizens and technology to find durable solutions for flash floods. But citizens can also play their part. So the city used citizens to gather data on rain water, humidity and other indictors and worked with the community on solutions that would benefit the neigbourhood in being less prone to flash flooding ánd couple this with other imrovements like greening the neighbourhood and increasing flora and fauna. The proces took time but als increased community spirit and collective learning.

==Relation to Urbana themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==

Smart Cities focuses on finding new technological solutions for urban issues, mostly making use of data management and digitalization. Sustainable development is often mentioned in relation to more efficient mobility management, reducing smog levels and increasing renwable energy supply and smart grid management. While smart city aproaches could decrease injustice by including participation of marginalized groups, or even using data to expose injustice, this opportunity is not often brought to the fore.

Urbana could use Smart Cities as a way to investigate the opportunities of digitalization, data-based urban solutions and worst- and best practices of Smart Cities globally as a way to positivaly use technoligical possibilities for sustainable and just cities.

==Narrative of change==

to be specified

==Transformative potential==

to be specified

==Summary of relevant approaches==

to be specified

==References==

to be specified

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:44:27Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Shapes, sizes and applications */

Smart Cities

2020-03-10T20:28:23Z

MaartenMarkus: /* General introduction to approach */

Smart Cities

2019-11-26T15:40:45Z

MaartenMarkus:

Smart Cities

2019-11-26T15:38:05Z

MaartenMarkus: Created page with "Smart City is an integrative approach to utilize the opportunity of digitalization and new technologies to overcome urban issues. Despite the integrative approach, most practi..."

Database of approaches

2019-11-26T15:26:34Z

MaartenMarkus: /* Approaches */

==Approaches==
*[[Beyond GDP indicators]]
*[[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]
**[[Ecovillages]]
*[[Community gardens and food]]
*[[Crowdsourcing]]
*[[Culture for empowerment]]
*[[Data Collection]]
*[[Democratic innovation through recognition]]
*[[Digital fabrication]]
*[[Energy and Mobility solutions]]
*[[Experimentation labs]]
*[[Financial practices and instruments]]
*[[Governance and participation processes]]
*[[Governance for urban climate mitigation and adaptation]]
*[[(Impact) evaluation and assessment framework]]
*[[Co-learning and knowledge brokerage]]
*[[Nature-based solutions]]
**[[Nature-based solutions for climate adaptation]]
**[[Nature-based solutions for health and equality]]
*[[Multi-stakeholder partnership - policy]]
*[[Pathways and scenarios]]
**[[Pathways and scenarios for post-carbon societies]]
*[[Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]
*[[Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]
*[[Regeneration of disused urban land]]
*[[Right to housing]]
*[[Sharing and cooperatives for urban commons]]
*[[Smart Cities]]
*[[Social food movements]]
*[[Sustainable food supply chains]]
*[[Sustainable Households]]
*[[Participatory pollination]]
*[[Transition towns]]
*[[Urban development through cultural solutions]]

==Other==
* [[Other databases]]

==Templates==
*[[Template for wiki page]]
*[[Description of mapping themes]]